sewife who spun the thread and
yarn, and wove the cloth for her large family, was seldom idle.

MALTING AND BREWING

One Jamestown building or house (whose brick foundations were discovered
in 1955) appears to have been used for malting and brewing beer and ale,
or carrying out some activity requiring distillation. A few pieces of
lead were found which may have been part of a lead cistern for holding
barley. The three brick ovens that were uncovered may have been used
as drying kilns. A handle from a copper kettle was found near one of the
ovens, and pieces of copper and lead pipes were unearthed not far from
the building. The structure itself appears to have been used between
1625 and 1660.

[Illustration: SPINNING THREAD OR YARN AND WEAVING CLOTH WERE ENDLESS
CHORES FOR THE WOMEN LIVING IN THE SMALL WILDERNESS SETTLEMENT.
(Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)]

[Illustration: BREWING BEER AT JAMESTOWN. (Conjectural sketch by Sidney
E. King.)]

DAIRYING AND CHEESEMAKING

Earthenware milk pans, bowls and pots, iron hoops (from wooden vessels),
an earthenware funnel, and parts of skimmers, sieves, and ladles have
been excavated. All these are evidence that dairying was an important
household industry. This activity was usually carried on in a
brick-paved room (with slatted windows) located on the northwest side of
the house. Cheese, as well as butter, was probably made in the same
room.

[Illustration: LEAD AND COPPER PIPES, KETTLE FRAGMENTS, A BRASS SPIGOT,
AND OTHER ITEMS FOUND WHICH MAY HAVE BEEN USED FOR BREWING OR DISTILLING
PURPOSES.]

BAKING

One of the largest objects that has been found is an earthenware baking
oven, which was unearthed in an old ditch near the site of the
May-Hartwell House. Restored from over 200 fragments, the oven was
probably used between 1650 and 1690. It may have been made at Jamestown,
molded of native clay and fired in a pottery kiln. In use, heated stones
were placed inside the oven and left until the walls were hot enough for
baking. Sometimes, however, the oven may have been placed directly on
the embers of the fire. It undoubtedly was used out of doors, near a
small house.

ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES

A few artifacts that have been recovered are associated with millers,
drapers, basketmakers, cutlers, tailors, barbers, netmakers, and
glovers. These tradesmen usually worked in or near their homes.

[Illustration: EARTHENWARE MILK PAN, BRASS LADLE, FUNNEL FRAGMEN