T, AND
OTHER ITEMS FOUND WHICH RELATE TO DAIRYING AND CHEESEMAKING.]

[Illustration: BAKING BREAD IN AN OUTDOOR BAKING OVEN ABOUT 1650.
(Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)]

[Illustration: IN THIS OVEN A JAMESTOWN WOMAN BAKED BREAD OVER 300 YEARS
AGO. IT APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN IN USE BETWEEN 1650 AND 1690.]

[Illustration: JAMESTOWN SOLDIERS CARRYING POLEARMS (A HALBERD AND A
BILL). (Conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King.)]

Military Equipment

The vast assemblage of military equipment that has been unearthed
(probably the largest collection of late 16th-and 17th-century English
weapons used in America) emphasizes the important part which firearms
and other weapons played during the early years of the settlement. They
helped the colonists to protect themselves from the ever-menacing Indian
and from the Spaniards who might at anytime have sailed up the James
River to attack the small colony. They were also the means of providing
the settlers with much of their food.

During the early years of the colony each Englishman who planned to
emigrate to Virginia was advised to supply himself with the following
"Armes":

"One Armour compleat, light.
One long Peece, five foot or five and a halfe, neere
Musket bore.
One sword.
One bandaleere [a bandoleer was a belt worn to carry the
cases which held the powder charges].
Twenty pound of powder.
Sixty pound of shot or lead, Pistoll and Goose shot."

Most of the kinds of arms listed have been found at Jamestown and will
be described briefly along with other types of weapons which were
unearthed.

POLEARMS

Parts from several polearms, including bills, pikes, and a halberd, have
been excavated. The recovered halberd (a polearm with sharp cutting
edges and a spearlike point) is typical of the late 16th century, and
may have been made as early as 1575. A few bills were unearthed, all
dating around 1600. (A bill is a polearm, having a long staff
terminating in a hook-shaped blade, usually with spikes at the back and
top.) Two pike butts were also unearthed.

[Illustration: TWO EARLY 17TH-CENTURY POLEARMS--A BILL AND
HALBERD--UNEARTHED AT JAMESTOWN. BOTH WEAPONS HAD LONG WOODEN HANDLES.]

[Illustration: THE CALTROP UNEARTHED AT JAMESTOWN. THIS SHARP-POINTED
INSTRUMENT WAS THROWN ON THE GROUND TO IMPEDE AN ENEMY'S INFANTRY AND
CAVALRY.]

CALTROP

This small item unearthed at Jamestown is an instrument with 4 iron
points, so a