more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing
characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are
called DIACRITICAL MARKS.

PHONOTYPY is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by
a distinct printed character or letter.

The VOCALS or TONICS are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified
or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as [=a], [)e].

The SUBVOCALS or SUBTONICS are those elementary sounds made by the
tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an
undertone; as b, d, g, r.

The ASPIRATES or ATONICS are those elementary sounds made by merely
breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath
sounds; as p, t, s.

TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.

[From Swett's Normal Word Book.]

_I. Vocals._

+--------------+-------------------------+
| a | [=a]-le, [=a]i-m |
| ae | ae-lms, ae-rt |
| [a:] | [a:]-ll, b-[a:]-ll |
| [)a] | [)a]-n, m-[)a]-n |
| a | [-c]-a-re, a-ir |
| [.a] | [.a]-sk, f-[.a]-st |
| [=e] | [=e]-ve, b-[=e] |
| [ve] | [ve]-nd, m-[ve]-n |
| [~e] | h-[~e]-r, [~e]-rr |
| [=i], [=y] | [=i]-ce, b-[=y] |
| [)i], [)y] | [)i]-t, h-[)y]-mn |
| [=o] | [=o]-ld, n-[=o] |
| [vo] | [vo]-n, n-[vo]-t |
| [o:], [=oo] | m-[o:]-ve, m-[=oo]-n |
| [=u] | [=u]-se, m-[=u]-[s,]e |
| [vu] | [vu]-p, b-[vu]-t |
| u | u-rge, b-u-rn |
| [u.], [)oo] | f-[u.]-ll, w-[)oo]-l |
| oi, oy | oi-l, b-oy |
| ou, ow | ou-t, ow-l |
+--------------+-------------------------+

_II. Subvocals._

+----------+-------------------------------+
| b | b-i-b, b-a-be |
| d | d-i-d, d-ea-d |
| [=g] | [=g]-i-[=g], [=g]-a-[=g] |
| j | j-ar, j-et |
| l | l-u-ll, te-ll |
| m | m-ai-m, [-c]a-me |
| n | n-u-n, n-o-ne |
| ng, [n=] | ri-ng, i-[n=]-k |
| r | r-oa-r, r-ea-r |
| th | th-ese, wi-th |
| v | val-ue, v-ain |
| w