the lip of the crater, owing to the thick and much entangled
scrub with innumerable thorns.

Our camp was at 1,500 ft., in a delightful spot at the junction of two
streams, one from the south descending from the volcano, the other from
the north. The two rivers united flowed north--I think eventually into
the Rio das Mortes.

When we moved out of camp on May 25th (temperature, minimum 62 deg., maximum
80 deg. Fahr.) I noticed that, after passing the wall-like section of the
crater in the northern aspect, there were strata with a dip south in the
inner part of the crater. The northern face of this vertical wall showed
thick strata cracked into squares and rectangles with a dip in two
different directions at an angle. There a draining channel had formed.
Two rows of circular holes--like port-holes--were to be seen, one
directly under the summit, the other one-third down the cliff side. A
giant rectangular tower of solid rock stood erect parallel to the great
wall. Skirting this vertical wall we travelled north-west-by-west, rising
gradually to 1,800 ft. on a deep layer of red volcanic sand and grey
ashes.

Looking back to the east we had a complete view of the two-tiered
plateaux with their vertical northern walls, showing a dip south in their
stratification. A crowning mound could also be observed surpassing their
height, when we rose still higher to 1,900 ft. on the summit of a ledge
of cracked lava with a slant west-wards. On the eastern side, where it
had crumbled owing to a subsidence, it showed a rounded moulding, whereas
on the other side were great waves of lava. The lava had flowed from east
to west.

After leaving this curious spot we went over undulating red and
ochre-coloured sand and more grey ashes. We rose twice to an elevation
of 2,000 ft. We crossed a streamlet of delicious water flowing north over
a red lava bed. Then more and more ashes were found all along. A second
stream--also flowing north--was then negotiated, also over a red lava bed
(elev. 1,800 ft.), after which we climbed to 2,000 ft., descending soon
after to 1,900 ft. on the banks of another river flowing north-east.

At this spot were two more enormous lava-flows--one on each side of the
stream, and extending in a tortuous course from south-west to north-east.
The lava had flowed north-east.

On rising slowly in deep red sand to an elevation of 2,100 ft. we saw two
prominent elevations of brilliant red colouring to the south--they, to