o Potential_ (New York: Columbia
University Press, 1956); Ginzberg et al., _The
Ineffective Soldier_, vol. III, _Patterns of
Performance_ (New York: Columbia University Press,
1959); _To Secure These Rights: The Report of the
President's Committee on Civil Rights_ (Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1947); Dollard and
Young, "In the Armed Forces."]

[Footnote 8-73: Final Rpt, WD Policies and Programs
Review Board, 11 Aug 47, CSUSA files.]

Burdened with the task of shoring up its racial policy, the Army staff
failed to concern itself with the effect of segregation. Yet by
ignoring segregation the staff overlooked the primary cause of its
racial problems and condemned the Army to their continuation. It need
not have been, because as originally conceived, the Gillem Board
policy provided, in the words of the Assistant Secretary of War, for
"progressive experimentation" leading to "effective manpower
utilization without regard to race or color."[8-74] This reasonable
approach to a complex social issue was recognized as such by the War
Department and by many black spokesmen. But the Gillem Board's
original goal was soon abandoned, and in the "interest of National
Defense," according to Secretary Royall, integration was postponed for
the indefinite future.[8-75] Extension of individual integration below
the company level was forbidden, and the lessons learned at the
Kitzingen Training Center were never applied elsewhere; in short,
progressive experimentation was abandoned.

[Footnote 8-74: Ltr, Howard C. Petersen, ASW, to
William M. Taylor, 12 May 47, ASW 291.2.]

[Footnote 8-75: Department of National Defense,
"National Defense Conference on Negro Affairs," 26
Apr 48, morning session, p. 24.]

The Gillem Board era began with Secretary Patterson accepting the
theory of racially separate but equal service as an anodyne for
temporary segregation; it ended with Secretary Royall embracing a
permanent separate but equal system as a shield to protect the racial
_status quo_. While Patterson and his assistants accepted restriction
on the number of Negroes and their assignment to segregated jobs and
facilities as a temporary expedient, military subordinates used