g. 148, tyloses present. Color brown
to white, sometimes with reddish tinge to late wood. Odorless and
tasteless. There are several species of ash that are classed as
white ash and one that is called black or brown ash.

(a) White ash. Wood heavy, hard, strong, mostly light colored except
in old heartwood, which is reddish. Pores in late wood, especially
in the outer part of the annual ring, are joined by lines of wood
parenchyma.

(b) Black ash. Wood more porous, lighter, softer, weaker, and darker
colored than white ash. Pores in late wood fewer and larger and
rarely joined by tangential lines of wood parenchyma.

The wood of the ashes is used for wagon and carriage stock,
agricultural implements, oars, furniture, interior finish, and
cooperage. It is the best wood for bent work.

[Illustration: FIG. 149.--Hickory Wood. (Magnified 45 times.)]

2. Locust. Pores in early wood in a rather narrow band, round, variable
in size, densely filled with tyloses. Color varying from golden
yellow to brown, often with greenish hue. Very thin sapwood, white.
Odorless and almost tasteless. Wood extremely heavy and hard,
cutting like horn. Locust bears little resemblance to ash, being
harder, heavier, of a different color, with more distinct rays, and
with the pores in late wood in larger groups.

The wood is used for posts, cross-ties, wagon hubs, and insulator
pins. It is very durable in contact with the ground.

(c) Pores in late wood comparatively large, not in groups or lines.
Wood parenchyma in numerous fine but distinct tangential lines.

[Illustration: FIG. 150.--Elm. (Magnified 25 times.)]

Hickory, Fig. 149. Pores in early wood moderately large, not abundant,
nearly round, filled with tyloses. Color brown to reddish brown;
thick sapwood, white. Odorless and tasteless. Wood very heavy, hard,
and strong. Hickory is readily separated from ash by the fine
tangential lines of wood parenchyma and from oak by the absence of
large rays.

The wood is largely used for vehicles, tool handles, agricultural
implements, athletic goods, and fuel.

(d) Pores in late wood small and in conspicuous wavy tangential bands.
Wood parenchyma not in tangential lines.

Elm. Pores in early wood not large and mostly in a single row, Fig. 150
(several rows in slippery elm), round, tyloses present. Color brown,
often with redd