arm
a last
a all
oo fool

e eve
e err
i ice
o ode
u use

Short Sounds.

Sound as is
----- -----
a am
e elm
i in
o odd
u up
oo look

Diphthongs.

oi,oy,as in oil, boy ou,ow, as in out, owl

TABLE OF SUBVOCALS
Sound as is
----- -----
b bib
d did
g gig
j jug
n nine
m maim
ng hang
l lull

v valve
th this
z zinc
zh azure
r rare
w we
y yet

TABLE OF ASPIRATES
Sound as is
----- -----
f fife
h him
k cake
p pipe
s same

t tart
sh she
ch chat
th thick
wh why

NOTE.--The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the
English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other letters,
as shown in the following table. For further instruction concerning the
sounds, see Lessons 36-57.

TABLE OF SUBSTITUTES.
Sound for as in
----- --- -----
a o what
e a there
e a feint
i e police
i e sir
o u son
o oo to
o oo wolf
o a fork
o e work
u oo full
u e burn
u oo rude
y i fly

y i myth
c k can
c s cite
ch sh chaise
ch k chaos
g j gem
n ng ink
s z as
s sh sure
x gz exact
gh f laugh
ph f phlox
qu k pique[1]
qu kw quit

[Footnote 1: The u is canceled in this book when qu is sounded like k.]

W, in its vowel sounds, corresponds with u; an in new (pro. nu).

A has, in a few words, the sound of e; as in any (pro. en'ny).

U has, in a few words, the sound of e; as in bury (pro. ber'ry); or that
of i, as in busy (pro. biz'y).

OF THE CONSONANTS.

The Consonants are those letters which can not be perfectly sounded
without the aid of a vowel. The consonants are b, c, d, f, g, h, l, k, l,
m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z, and sometimes i, u, w, and y. The consonants
are divided into MUTES and SEMI-VOWELS.

The Mutes are those consonants that admit of no sound without the aid of a
vowel. They are b, d, k, p, q, t, and c and g hard.

The Semi-vowels are those consonants that can be sounded imperfectly by
themselves. They are f, h, j, l, m, n, r, s, v, x, z, and c and g soft.

Four of the semi-vowels are called LIQUIDS; viz., l, m, n, an