by Berachya ha-Nakdan, 156-157.

France, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.
a Jewish centre, 116, 119, 124.
Jewish schools of, destroyed, 124.

Fraenkel, teacher of Mendelssohn, 253.

Frederick II, emperor, patron of Anatoli, 149.

Frederick the Great, the Berlin of, 254.

Galen, works of, translated, 150, 185.

Galilee, centre of Jewish learning, 20.
explored by Esthori Parchi, 205.

Gaonim, the, heads of the Babylonian schools, 68.
work of, 68-69.
literary productions of, 69-71.
language used by, 71.
"Letters" of, 71-74.
religious heads of the Jews of Persia, 72.
as writers, 74.
Karaite controversies with, 78.
works of, collected, 104.
analyze the Talmud, 121.

Gedaliah Ibn Yachya, historian, 222-223.

Gemara. _See_ Talmud, the.

Genesis, commentary on, by Saadiah, 94.

Geographical literature among the Jews, 200.

German Jews, stagnation among, 254.

Germany, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

Gersonides. _See_ Levi, the son of Gershon.

"Glory to the Virtuous," by Luzzatto, 247.

Graetz, H., quoted, 21, 168.

Grammar, Hebrew, works on, 77, 79, 117.

Granada, Jewish literary centre, 112.

Greece, the Kalirian Piyut in, 85.

Greek, translation of the Scriptures, 26.
used by Josephus, 37.
used in the Sibylline books, 39.
used among the Jews, 48.

Grotius, friend of Manasseh ben Israel, 245.

Guarini, influences Luzzatto, 246.

"Guide of the Perplexed, The," by Moses Maimonides, 136, 139-141, 142.

Habus, Samuel Ibn Nagdela minister to, 103.

Hagadah, the poetic element of the Talmud, 47.

Hai, the last Gaon, 71.

Halachah, the legal element of the Talmud, 47, 55.

Halachoth Gedoloth, compilation of Halachic decisions, 73.

Haman, a fable concerning, 66.

Hassan, the son of Mashiach, Karaite author, 78, 79.

"Heart Duties," by Bachya Ibn Pekuda, 190.

Hebrew, the, of the Mishnah, 29.
used by the Gaonim, 71.
the language of prayer, 83.
influenced by Kalir, 88.
translations into, 145, 146.
a living language, 147.
studied by Christians, 230.

Heilprin, Yechiel, historian, 220.

Heine, quoted, 128.

"Hell and Eden," by Immanuel of Rome, 182, 184-185.

"Higher Criticism," the, father of, 116.

Hillel I, parable of, 62.

Hillel II, arranges the Jewish Calendar, 48.

Hippocrates, works of, translated, 150.

Historical works, 33-34.

Historical writing among the Jews, 211-212, 213, 217.

"History of France and Turkey," by Joseph C