ed labor is here to stay for a long time to
come, and as the elite of the wage-earning class it should, and
probably will, be an increasing force for political betterment and for
social welfare in the republic.

[Footnote 1: See ch. 19, secs. 1-3.]

[Footnote 2: See Vol. I, p. 459.]

[Footnote 3: See _Quarterly Journal of Economics_, May, 1916, article
by L. Wolman.]

[Footnote 4: See below, sec. 14, on the closed shop.]

[Footnote 5: See Vol I, pp. 223-224, and above, ch. 6, sec. 12 and ch.
10, sec. 7.]

[Footnote 6: The "unfair list" is usually given as a form distinct
from either the simple or compound forms. The "fair list" published
either by labor journals or by a consumer's league is not declared to
be a boycott.]

[Footnote 7: In a book by an English trade-unionist, Trant, reprinted
and circulated by the American Federation of Labor as representing its
theory and claims, all the advances that have been made in wages are
said to be due to the trade-unions.]

[Footnote 8: See Vol. I, pp. 227, 439, 466, 467, 504-507; and above,
ch. 14, sec. 8.]

[Footnote 9: See Vol. I, pp. 217, 222-223, 352, 356.]

[Footnote 10: See above, sec 12.]

[Footnote 11: We are expressing here the general opinion, not
pronouncing a final justification of competition as a rule of conduct.
On this something will be said later, in ch. 31.]

CHAPTER 21

PUBLIC REGULATION OF HOURS AND WAGES

Sec. 1. Spread of the shorter working day. Sec. 2. The shorter day and
the lump of labor notion. Sec. 3. Fewer hours and greater efficiency. Sec. 4.
Child-labor. Sec. 5. Child-labor legislation. Sec. 6. Limitation of the working
day for women. Sec. 7. Limitation of the working day for men. Sec. 8.
Broader aspects of tins legislation. Sec. 9. Plan of the minimum wage.
Sec. 10. Some problems of the minimum wage. Sec. 11. Mediation and voluntary
arbitration. Sec. 12. Compulsory arbitration. Sec. 13. Organized labor's
attitude, toward labor legislation. Sec. 14. Organized labor's opposition to
compulsory arbitration. Sec. 15. The public and labor legislation. Sec.16.
The public and compulsory arbitration.

Sec. 1. #Spread of the shorter working day.# Since about 1880 a shorter
working day has been one of the prime objects of organized labor in
America. Notable progress was early made in some trades, reducing
hours from 11 to 10, or from 10 to 9, and in a few cases from 9 to 8.
In the building trades in the citi