ce), 1896.

Italy, 1898, 1904.

Holland, 1901 (in the Royal Bank or in private companies).

Sweden, 1901 (as in Norway).

Sec. 7. #The compensation plan in America#. Under the practical operation
of the law of employers' liability in force in any American state
until 1911, a very small proportion of the workers injured while
at work were legally entitled to any indemnity, and a still smaller
proportion could succeed in recovering any substantial amount.
Employers, and the accident companies with which employers insured,
either compromised the claims for small amounts or fought bitterly
in the courts the claims of those who refused to compromise. When the
courts awarded damages, large or small, a large part of the proceeds
went for legal expenses. But a small proportion of the total costs to
employers came as benefits to the victims of accidents. It appeared
in an extensive investigation of the business of the large industrial
insurance companies that but 28 per cent of the premiums paid by
employers were paid to workmen as indemnity.

Between 1911 and 1916 the laws have been changed to some extent in
their application to selected occupations in at least 34 states and
territories of the United States, and covering nearly all but some of
the distinctly agricultural states. This remarkable development has
been largely actuated and guided by a comparatively small group
of socially minded nonworking class citizens rather than by either
employees or organized workers. It is an encouraging example of
what can be done by skilful methods, when conditions are ripe, in
furthering righteous social legislation without the use of money or of
corrupting influences.

Sec. 8. #Standards for a compensation law#. The standards which, in
detail, in one jurisdiction or another, have already been attained,
and which are the provisional ideals now sought by reformers, may
be briefly stated as follows.[2] All employments should be included,
altho, as yet, there are various exceptions, such as farm labor
and domestic service, employers with but few employees (the
number excepted being one to five), and nonhazardous employments.
Compensation should be granted for all injuries, suffered in the
course of employment, that cause disability beyond a definite waiting
period of three to seven days. Compensation should include medical
attendance for a limited period, and two-thirds of the estimated
loss of wages for disability, either tota