shown to him (the trader) fragments of ancient European armour which
were preserved in a cave among the mountains. The natives said that this
armour had been worn by white men who had come up from the sea many,
many years ago, and whom their own ancestors had killed.]

[Footnote 18: Maceo, the well-known leader of the Cuban insurgents who
was killed in 1896, was a half-breed, in whose band there were plenty of
pure whites. In no Southern State of North America would white men have
followed a mulatto.]

[Footnote 19: The word Boer means farmer or peasant (German _Bauer_).]

[Footnote 20: A clear and spirited account of these events may be found
in Mr. R. Russell's book, _Natal, the Land and its Story_, published in
1894.]

[Footnote 21: Sir P. Maitland's proclamation of August 21, 1845,
expressly reserved the rights of the crown to consider those who had
gone beyond Natal as being still its subjects, notwithstanding the
establishment of a settled government in that Colony. (See Bird's
_Annals of Natal_, vol. ii., p. 468.)]

[Footnote 22: Some further account of the Orange Free State will be
found in Chapter XIX.]

CHAPTER XII

THE EUROPEANS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1854-95

Between the years 1852 and 1856 the history of Anglo-Dutch South Africa
breaks up into four distinct streams. The Transvaal and South African
Republic pursues its own course from 1852 onward, the Orange Free State
from 1854, and Natal from 1856, in which year that district was
separated from the Cape and constituted as a distinct colony. Between
1876 and 1880 the South African Republic and Natal are again brought
into close relations with the march of events in Cape Colony. But before
we trace the three last mentioned streams in their several courses it is
well to return to the Cape, by far the largest and most populous of the
four communities, and sketch in outline the chief events that mark the
development of that Colony down to the memorable epoch of 1877-81.

These events group themselves into three divisions--the material
progress of Cape Colony, the changes in the form of its government, and
those wars with the Kafir tribes which, while they retarded its growth
in population, steadily increased its area.

The departure of some eight or ten thousand Boers, the most discontented
part of the population, in the years following 1835, not only removed an
element which, excellent in other respects, was politically at once
unrestful and ol