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cular scale for square pianos--Generously makes his invention free--A noble gift to the world--His business operations--Increase in the demand for his instruments--Death of Captain Mackay--Mr. Chickering undertakes the sole charge of his affairs--Fears of his friends--Magnitude of the business--The lawyer's question answered--The mortgages paid--Rapid success of Mr. Chickering--His varied duties--Sharp competition--A bogus Chickering--How a Boston bank lost his custom--His independence in business--His character as a merchant--Trains his sons to succeed him in business--The result of his efforts--The present house of Chickering & Sons--Destruction of the factory--Offers of aid--Mr. Chickering's kindness to his workmen--Sets to work to re-establish his business--The new factory begun--Sudden death of Mr. Chickering. CHAPTER VII. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH. The grape interest of the United States--Growing demand for American wines--Instrumentality of Mr. Longworth in producing this success--Early life of Mr. Longworth--Apprenticed to a shoemaker--Removes to South Carolina--Returns to Newark and studies law--Removes to Cincinnati--Admitted to the bar--His first case--Is paid in whisky stills, and trades them for lands which make his fortune--Rapid growth of Cincinnati--The oldest native inhabitant of Chicago--Longworth's investments in real estate--Immense profits realized by him--His experiments in wine growing--History of the Catawba grape--Longworth decides to cultivate it entirely--His efforts to promote the grape culture in the Ohio Valley--Offers a market for all the grape juice that can be brought to him--The result of his labors seen in the Ohio vineyards of to-day--His wine cellars--Amount of wine made annually by him--The process used--How "Sparkling Catawba" is made--Longworth's experiments with strawberries--His liberality--Gift of land to the Observatory--His challenge to a grumbler--Estimate of his character--His eccentricities--His generosity to his tenants--How he made money by helping others to grow rich--His politics--How he subscribed one hundred dollars to elect Clay--His hatred of vagabondage--His stone quarry--How he provided it with laborers--His system of helping the poor--Is charged with stinginess--The "devil's poor"--Personal appearance--The "Hard-times" overcoat--Charity to a millionaire--Death of Mr. Longworth. CHAPTER VIII. GEORGE PEABODY. Birth and parentage--Early education--His
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