articipated in the administration
and lacking experience in self-government, made a poor experiment of
the republican system which they suddenly set up. The result was
that for many years disorder reigned, and the tyranny of the
military governments held sway one after another. After the defeat
of Napoleon, the monarchical system was restored as a result of the
intervention of other Powers. The second revolution in 1830 again
resulted in the restoration of the monarchy but the power of the
common people was considerably increased. The monarchy was again
overthrown in 1848 and a Republic formed in its stead--the nephew of
Napoleon was then made President. This President, however, once more
discarded republicanism and set up a monarchy for himself. It was
not until after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 that Napoleon III.
was overthrown and the final Republic established which has lived
for half a century now, there being every likelihood of its
continuing in its present form.

Indeed the Republic of France has every prospect of being permanent,
but the permanency is only the result of a hundred years' political
revolution. For a hundred years the foundations were being laid by
means of an energetic and persistent campaign of education, which
increased the political knowledge of the people. The people were
also allowed to participate in political affairs, and so gained
experience in self-government. This is why the French Republic is a
success. Then in France and America they have found a solution for
the difficult problem of the nation, that is the problem of
succession of the government in power. The President of France is
elected by the Parliament while the President of America is elected
by the people. The people of these two countries are all experienced
in self-government as a result of participation in political
affairs. Furthermore, for the last fifty years these two countries
have all laid emphasis on universal education by having an extensive
system of schools, subsidized by the Government. The intellectual
standard of these two peoples is therefore fairly high.

As a result of the examples set up by France and America, at the
end of the Eighteenth Century the Spanish colonies in Central and
South America also declared their independence one after the other.
The conditio