bowler hat.

[Illustration: NO. 5--"AMERICAN HANDCUFF" (OPEN).]

[Illustration: NO. 6--"AMERICAN HANDCUFF" (CLOSED).]

As the English handcuffs have only been formed for criminals who
submitted quietly to necessity, it was considered expedient to find an
instrument applicable to all cases. The perfected article comes from
America (Nos. 5 and 6), and, being lighter, less clumsy, and more easily
concealed, finds general favour among the officers at Scotland Yard. In
fact, such are its advantages that we must presume that it differs
considerably from the Anglo-Saxon "Hand-cop" and the somewhat primitive
article used upon the unwilling prophet of the Carpathian Sea. This and
the older kind, to which some of the more conservative of our detectives
still adhere, are the only handcuffs used in England.

[Illustration: No. 7--"LA LIGOTE."]

The ingenious detective of France, where crime and all its
appurtenances have reached such a state of perfection, is not without
his means of securing his man (No. 7). It is called "La Ligote" or "Le
Cabriolet." There are two kinds: one is composed of several steel piano
strings, and the other of whip-cords twined together, and they are used
much in the same way as the "Twister."

Any attempt to escape is quickly ended by the pain to which the officer
who holds the instrument can inflict by a mere turn of his hand. One
wrist only is under control, but as the slightest sign of a struggle is
met by an infliction of torture, the French system is more effective
than the English.

[Illustration: NO. 8.--"MEXICAN HANDCUFF."]

[Illustration: No. 9.--"LA POUCETTE."]

The Mexican handcuff (Nos. 8 and 9) is a cumbersome and awkward article,
quite worthy of the retrograde country of its origin.

[Illustration: NO. 10.--"LA CORDE."]

No. 10 shows an effective method of handcuffing in emergencies. The
officer takes a piece of whipcord and makes a double running knot: he
ties one noose round the wrist of the prisoner, whose hand is then
placed in his trousers pocket, the cord is lashed round the body like a
belt, and brought back and slipped through the noose again. The prisoner
when thus secured suffers no inconvenience as long as he leaves his hand
in his pocket, but any attempt to remove it would cause a deal of
suffering.

[Illustration: NO. 11.--"MENOTTE DOUBLE."]

No. 11 is another handcuff of foreign make, and is merely used when a
raid is about to be made, as it allows to a certai