d several other large cities;
land degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining activities;
wetland degradation; severe oil spills

Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but
not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note: largest country in South America; shares common
boundaries with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador

People Brazil

Population: 176,029,560 note: Brazil took an intercensal count in
August 1996 which reported a population of 157,079,573; that figure
was about 5% lower than projections by the US Census Bureau, which
is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census;
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,
higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth
rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than
would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)

Age structure: 28% (male 25,140,954; female 24,199,276) 15-64 years:
(male 3,992,017; female 5,863,234) (2002 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.87% (2002 est.)

Birth rate: 18.08 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate: 9.32 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 35.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: 67.91 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 2.05 children born/woman (2002 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.57% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 540,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: 18,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality: noun: Brazilian(s) adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups: white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish,
Polish) 55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (i