people, 43, 44;
its natural defects and political advantages, 45;
statistics of its wealth, population, &c., _ib. note_ r;
grant of the "privilege of union," 46;
supersession thereof, 48;
the office of justiciary, _ib._;
instances of that officer's integrity and courage, 49;
and of the submission of kings to his decrees, 53, 54;
duration and responsibilities of the office, 54;
the Cortes of Aragon, 56;
social condition of the kingdom, 58;
its union with Castile, _ib._;
its burgesses, iii. 331 _note_ u.

Archers (English), invincibility of the, at Crecy and Poitiers, i. 54.
See Military Systems.

Architecture, as illustrative of domestic progress, iii. 346;
early castles in England, _ib._;
improvements thereon, 347;
early houses, 348;
revival of the use of bricks, 349;
arrangement of ordinary mansion-houses, 350;
dwellings in France and Italy, 350, 351;
introduction of chimneys and glass windows, 351-353 and _notes_;
house furniture and domestic conveniences, 353, 354 and _notes_;
farm-houses and cottages, 355;
ecclesiastical architecture, its grandeur and varieties, 355-359
and _notes_;
domestic architecture of the 12th and 14th centuries, 479-482.

Arian sovereigns, tolerance of the, i. 3 and _note_ f.

Aribert declared king of Aquitaine, i. 115.

Aristocracy. See Nobility.

Aristotle, writings of, how first known in Europe, iii. 426 and _note_ f;
ignorance of his translators, 429 and _note_ k;
character of the Aristotelian philosophy, 430;
its influence on religion, _ib. notes_.

Armagnac (count of), opposes the duke of Burgundy, i. 71;
massacre of himself and partizans, 72;
assassination of a later count of Armagnac, 89.

Armagnacs, rise of the faction of the, i. 71;
tactics of the dauphin towards them, 72;
their league with Henry IV. of England, 74;
their defeat by the Swiss, ii. 112.

Armorial bearings, general introduction of, i. 190;
instances of their earliest use, 191 _note_.

Armorican republic, questionable existence of the, i. 2;
hypothesis of Dubos relative thereto, _ib. note_;
further elucidation thereof, 103;
supposed extent of its territories, 103, 104.

Armour. See Military Systems.

Artois. See Robert of Artois.

Arundel (bishop and archbishop), remonstrates with Richard II., iii. 67;
deprived o