r customs, one sees quite
different marks of graves? Where did we get our idea? Who can tell the
Table?

Ronald Chipchase thinks we should add swimming to our list of all-around
sport events when we offer another medal. Lloyd Thomas asks how to make
a simple telescope for use in studying astronomy. Better not make it at
all. One that is of any real use can only be made by an expert, and is
expensive. G. D. Galloway, Oakwood Place, Eau Claire, Wis., publishes
the _Albermarle_, and wants to send you a sample. It is a neat
eight-page amateur paper. Will Fred Hawthorne tell us about the fruits
of Jamaica--what ones are ripe when he writes. Compare them, date for
date, with their appearance in Massachusetts, and carefully describe
those that we do not have. Sir Fred, we should explain, lives at "Mona
Great House," Kingston, British West Indies.

CAMERA CLUB.

PAPERS FOR BEGINNERS, NO. 9.

TREATMENT OF UNDER-EXPOSED PLATES

By an "under-exposed plate" is meant a plate which has not been exposed
long enough to the action of light for the objects to make a deep enough
impression in the silver salts, or to cause the chemical change to take
place which makes the perfect picture.

The normal development of an under-exposed plate results in a negative
in which the high or white lights are very strong, and have a chalky
appearance in the print, while the shadows have little or no detail; and
where a plate has been much under-exposed, only clear glass is the
result of the development. The reason why the high lights appear so
harsh and strong is due to the fact that to get detail in the shadows
the development is carried on till the high lights are very much
over-developed and the film has become dense.

The practised amateur usually knows whether his plate has been
under-exposed or not, and treats it accordingly. The beginner, not
having learned how to gauge exposures correctly, must learn how to
distinguish an under-exposed plate as soon as the developer begins to
act on it, so that he may get a good, or fairly good, negative.

If a plate which has been under-exposed is placed in a normal developer,
the high lights will be some time in coming out, and the shadows will
not appear at all, or, if they do, will be very dim. If the development
is continued in order to bring out detail, the plate is apt to fog, and
is then spoiled entirely.

If the rest of the image does not follow the high lights in a reasonable
lengt