irm congressional friend during the war, was
Secretary of State; General Jacob D. Cox, of Ohio, Secretary of the
Interior; Adolph E. Boise, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Navy;
General John M. Schofield, of Illinois, Secretary of War; John A. J.
Cresswell, of Maryland, Postmaster-General; and E. Rockwood Hoar, of
Massachusetts, Attorney-General. It did not long endure in this form.
Mr. Washburn was soon appointed Minister to France, and was succeeded by
Hamilton Fish, of New York, in the State Department. General Schofield
was succeeded in the War Department by General John A. Rawlins, who died
in September, and was succeeded by General William W. Belknap, of Iowa.
Mr. Boise gave way in June to George M. Robeson, of New Jersey. In July,
1870, Mr. Hoar was succeeded by A. T. Akerman, of Georgia, and he, in
December, 1871, by George H. Williams, of Oregon. General Cox resigned
in November, 1870, and was succeeded by Columbus Delano. Some of these
changes, like that of Washburn to Fish, were good ones, and many of them
were exceedingly bad ones,--men of high character and ability, like
Judge Hoar and General Cox, conscientious and faithful even to the point
of remonstrance with their headstrong chief, being succeeded by
compliant men of a distinctly lower strain. Fish and Boutwell achieved
high reputation by their conduct of their offices. The death of Rawlins
deprived the President of a wise and staunch personal friend at a time
when he was never more in need of his controlling influence.

Early in 1871 the work of reconstruction was completed, so far as the
establishment of State governments and representation in Congress was
concerned. But later in the year, the outrages upon the colored
population in certain States were so general and cruel that Congress
passed what became known as the "Ku-Klux Act," which was followed by a
presidential proclamation exhorting to obedience of the law. On October
17, the outrages continuing, suspension of the writ of habeas corpus was
proclaimed in certain counties of South Carolina, and many offenders
were convicted in the United States courts. This severe proceeding had a
deterring influence throughout the South, which understood quite well
that General Grant was not a person to be defied with impunity.

In 1870 he sent to the Senate a treaty that the administration had
negotiated with President Baez for the annexation of Santo Domingo as a
territory of the United States, and also o