than a mere outline of these systems. The reader will
find full discussions in the works referred to in the Literature.
Particular attention is called to the Reports of the United States
Commissioner of Education from the year 1895 to the present time.

[172] In addition to these schools, there are also the Progymnasium, the
Realprogymnasium, and the Realschule, which, as their names indicate,
are modified forms of the principal types. These schools do not offer
the full nine years' course. See footnote on p. 236 for explanation of
the work of these schools.

[173] Russell's "German Higher Schools" fully describes these
institutions.

[174] In 1893 there were only 241 teachers out of 71,731 in Prussia, who
were outside of the above requirement. These 241 were old teachers who
began before the law was so strict, and who, because of their
efficiency, are retained. In a few years this band will entirely
disappear, and all will be normal graduates.

[175] For full statement of salaries and pensions, see "German Common
School System," pp. 172, 195. Though the German teacher's salary is much
smaller than that of the average American teacher, taking into account
the greater purchasing power of money in Germany, the simple habits, and
fewer demands upon the purse, the German teacher is fully as well off as
the American.

CHAPTER XLIII

THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OF FRANCE

=Literature.=--_Parsons_, French Schools through American Eyes;
_Richard_, The School System of France; _Weigert_, Die Volksschule in
Frankreich; _Schroeder_, Das Volksschulwesen Frankreichs; United States
Commissioner's Reports.

=Administration.=--France, like Germany, has a minister of education who
sits in the cabinet of the president. The work of his office is divided
into three departments, _higher_, _secondary_, and _primary_, and at the
head of each there is a director. There are two advisory bodies in
charge of education. One has general oversight of all the school
interests of France. The other is divided into three boards, appointed
by the minister himself, for supervision of the three departments above
mentioned. The general board consists of sixty members, fifteen
appointed by the president of the republic, and the others appointed by
the board itself whenever vacancies occur. This body meets once a year
to hear reports, to pass upon the general school policy, and to
legislate for the schools. Out of its membership is chosen an executive