----------------------------------------+---------+--------+---------
Total | 194,078 | 54,808 | 248,886
----------------------------------------+---------+--------+---------

From the standpoint of vocational training one of the most striking
facts about Cleveland wage-earners is that a large majority of them
are not Clevelanders. Almost exactly half of the men in gainful
employment were born outside the United States and, due to the rapid
growth of the city, there has been a considerable influx of workers
from the surrounding country in recent years, so that a large
proportion even of the American working population was born, brought
up, and educated in some other place. The number and per cent of
foreign born, of foreign or mixed parentage but born in this country,
and of native parentage is shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2.--NATIVITY OF THE WORKING POPULATION IN CLEVELAND. U.S.
CENSUS, 1910

----------------------------+-------------------+-----------------
| Men | Women
+--------+----------+--------+--------
Nativity | Number | Per cent | Number |Per cent
----------------------------+--------+----------+--------+--------
Foreign born | 96,291 | 50 | 16,673 | 31
Foreign or mixed parentage | 55,074 | 28 | 24,275 | 44
Native parentage | 42,713 | 22 | 13,860 | 25
----------------------------+--------+----------+--------+--------
Total |194,078 | 100 | 54,808 | 100
----------------------------+--------+----------+--------+--------

More than three-fourths are foreign or of foreign or mixed parentage.
The proportion of those born in this country of American parentage is
approximately the same for both sexes, but the number of women workers
of mixed parentage is relatively much larger than among the men.
Roughly, of each 10 men employed in gainful occupations, five, and of
each 10 working women, three, were born abroad.

The large proportion of foreigners in the trades has an important
bearing on the problem of vocational training. Some of the skilled
occupations are monopolized by foreign labor to such an extent that
they offer a very limited field of employment for native workmen.
Cabinet making, tailoring, molding, blacksmithing, baking, and shoe
making, are examples. Some of these trades have practically ceased to