its means some temporal improvement in
the habits of the people evidently results from it. But, that season
over, the flock is abandoned by the shepherd, these slight impressions
wear off, and the people return to the same godless and mundane system of
life.

In the cathedral church of Toledo there is a particular chapel in which
the mass is celebrated, according to the rite called Mozarabe,
introduced, as its name indicates, in the time of the occupation by the
Moors, by the Christians who lived under their yoke in that city. The
Roman Catholic ritual having been made prevalent all over the peninsula
by the Great Isabella, and adopted in all the churches, the faithful of
Toledo still wished to preserve that form of ritual which they had
practised for many centuries. Although this portion of Spain's
ecclesiastical history is wrapt in great obscurity, and has given rise to
many disputes among learned men, yet it is certain that in order to
decide between that authority which wished to extinguish those remains of
antiquity, and the people who desired to preserve them, recourse was had
to what then went by the name of "the judgment of God," viz., a formal
duel, attended with all the ceremonies which the feudal system had
imported into Europe. The partisans of the Roman ritual placed their
defence of it in the hands of one knight-errant, and those of the
opposite party confided theirs to the care of another. He who defended
the Roman rite was conquered in the fight; and although the conditions of
the combat were not entirely observed, because the cathedral and the
other churches of Toledo were, after all, reduced to the authority of the
Pope, yet a chapter of canons was instituted, to whom was conceded the
privilege of saying mass according to the ritual of the conquerors.

CHAPTER V.

DEVOTION of Protestants scriptural and reasonable--That of Roman
Catholics poetical and affectionate--Religious enthusiasm leads to
insanity--Mental devotion as distinguished from physical--Nature of Roman
Catholic devotion accounted for by the worship of images--Intercession of
saints--Saint Anthony--The illiterate guided by bodily vision rather than
spiritual discernment--Horace confirms this--Illustrated by popular
errors--Sensual and poetical elements were introduced to devotion by the
Greeks--Destruction of images by the Emperor Leo the Iconoclast--Opinion
of Pope Leo the Great--Images adorned like human beings perplex the