he
essential oils and to return them to the infusion. In 1838, Antoni
Bencini, of Milton, N.C., was granted a similar patent in the United
States. Rowland, in 1844, and Waite and Sener, in their Old Dominion pot
of 1856, tried for the same result, namely, the condensation of the
steam in upper chambers.

[Illustration: EARLY AMERICAN COFFEE-MAKER PATENTS

Left, Waite & Sener's Old Dominion pot--Right, Bencini's steam
condenser]

The French meantime focused on coffee makers; and in 1827, Jacques
Augustin Gandais, a manufacturer of plated jewelry in Paris, produced a
really practicable pumping percolator. This machine had the ascending
steam tube on the exterior. The same year, 1827, Nicholas Felix Durant,
a manufacturer in Chalons-sur-Marne, was granted a French patent on a
percolator employing for the first time an inner tube for spraying the
boiling water over the ground coffee.

In 1828, Charles Parker, of Meriden, Conn., began work on the original
Parker coffee mill, which later was to bring him fame and fortune.

The next year, 1829, the first French patent on a coffee mill was issued
to Colaux & Cie. of Molsheim.

That same year, 1829, the Etablissements Lauzaune, Paris, began to make
hand-turned iron-cylinder coffee-roasting machines.

In 1831, David Selden was granted a patent in England for a
coffee-grinding mill having cones of cast-iron.

The first Parker coffee-grinder patent for a household coffee and spice
mill was issued in the United States in 1832 to Edmund Parker and Herman
M. White of Meriden, Conn. The Charles Parker Company's business was
founded the same year. In 1832 and 1833, United States patents were
issued to Ammi Clark, of Berlin, Conn., also on improved coffee and
spice mills for home use.

Amos Ransom, Hartford, Conn., was granted a United States patent on a
coffee roaster in 1833.

The English began exporting coffee-roasting and coffee-grinding
machinery to the United States in 1833-34.

[Illustration: FRENCH COFFEE MAKERS, NINETEENTH CENTURY

1, 2--Improved French drip pots. 3--Persian design. 4--De Belloy pot.
5--Russian reversible pot. 6--New filter machine. 7--Glass filter pot.
8--Syphon machine. 9--Vienna Incomparable. 10--Double glass "balloon"
device]

[Illustration: FIRST ENGLISH COMMERCIAL COFFEE-ROASTER PATENT, 1824

Fig. 1--End elevation. Fig. 2--Front sectional view. Fig. 3--Front
elevation, showing how the roasting cylinder was turned completely over
to empty