of the companions of the well-known walrus-hunting captain, Sievert
Tobiesen, were compelled in 1872-73 to winter at North Goose Cape,
they shot during winter and spring only eleven reindeer. Some
Russians, who by an accident were obliged to pass six years in
succession somewhere on the coast of Stans Foreland (Maloy Broun),
and who, during this long time, were dependent for their food on
what they could procure by hunting without the use of fire-arms
(they had when they landed powder and ball for only twelve shots),
when the three survivors were found and taken home in 1749, had
killed two hundred and fifty reindeer (P.L. le Roy, _Relation des
Aventures arrivees a quatre matelots Russes jettes par une tempete pres
de l'Isle deserte d'Ost-Spitzbergen, sur laquelle ils ont
passe six ans et trois mois_, 1766). ]

[Footnote 68: During the wintering of 1869-70 on East Greenland, Dr.
Punsch once saw a female bear with quite small young (_Die zweite
deutsche Nordpolarfahrt_, Leipzig, 1873-74. Vol. II p. 157). ]

[Footnote 69: W. Scoresby's des Juengern, _Tagebuch einer Reise auf
dem Wallfischfang. Aus dem engl. ueebers_. Hamburg, 1825, p. 127. ]

[Footnote 70: _Die zweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt_, Vol. I. p. 465. ]

[Footnote 71: _Groenlands historiske Mindesmaerker._ Kjoebenhavn, 1838,
III. p. 384. ]

[Footnote 72: Ramusio, Part II., Venice, 1583, p. 60. ]

[Footnote 73: Ol. Magnus. Rome edition, 1555, p. 621. ]

[Footnote 74: It is stated that wolves also occur on Novaya Zemlya
as far up as to Matotschkin Sound. They are exceedingly common on
the north coasts of Asia and Eastern Europe. ]

[Footnote 75: That is to say, not on Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya,
for it is otherwise on the coast of the mainland. In West Greenland
the mosquito as far north as the southern part of Disco Island is
still so terrible, especially to the new comer during the first
days, that the face of any one who without a veil ventures into
marshy ground overgrown with bushes, becomes in a few hours
unrecognisable. The eyelids are closed with swelling and changed
into water-filled bladders, suppurating tumours are formed in the
head under the hair, &c. But when a man has once undergone this
unpleasant and painful inoculation, the body appears, at least for
one summer, to be less susceptible to the mosquito-poison. ]

[Footnote 76: As the _only_ Chrysomela, which von Baer found at
Matotschkin Schar, played so great a _role_ in Arctic-zoolog