goerelse for en expedition till
mynningen af Jenisej och Sibirien ar 1875_, Bih. till Kongl.
Vet.-Ak. Handl, vol. iv., No. 1, p. 38-42. ]

[Footnote 101: I give the particulars of this wintering partly after
communications made to me in conversation by Nummelin, partly after
_Goeteborgs Handelsoch Sjofartstidning_ for the 20th and 21st
November, 1877. This _first_ and, as far as I know, only detailed
narrative of the voyage in question, was dictated to the editor of
that journal, _reference being made to the log_ by Schwanenberg and
Nummelin. Schwanenberg had come to Gothenburg some days before with
his Yeniseisk-built vessel. ]

CHAPTER V.

The history of the North-east Passage from 1556 to 1878--
Burrough, 1556--Pet and Jackman, 1580--The first voyage of
the Dutch, 1594--Oliver Brunel--The second voyage, 1595--
The third voyage, 1596--Hudson, 1608--Gourdon, 1611--Bosman,
1625--De la Martiniere, 1653--Vlamingh, 1664--Snobberger,
1675--Roule reaches a land north of Novaya Zemlya--Wood
and Flawes, 1676--Discussion in England concerning the state
of the ice in the Polar Sea--Views of the condition of the
Polar Sea still divided--Payer and Weyprecht, 1872-74.

The sea which washes the north coast of European Russia is named by
King Alfred (_Orosius_, Book I. Chaps, i. ii.) the Quaen Sea (in
Anglo-Saxon _Cwen Sae_),[102] a distinctive name, which
unquestionably has the priority, and well deserves to be retained.
To the inhabitants of Western Europe the islands, Novaya Zemlya and
Vaygats, first became known through Stephen Burrough's voyage of
discovery in 1556. Burrough therefore is often called the discoverer
of Novaya Zemlya, but incorrectly. For when he came thither he found
Russian vessels, manned by hunters well acquainted with the
navigable waters and the land. It is clear from this that Novaya
Zemlya had then already been known to the inhabitants of Northern
Russia for such a length of time that a very actively prosecuted
hunting could arise there. It is even probable that in the same way
as the northernmost part of Norway was already known for a thousand
years back, not only to wandering Lapps, but also to Norwegians and
Quaens, the lands round Yugor Schar and Vaygats were known several
centuries before Burrough's time, not only to the nomad Samoyeds on
the mainland, but also to various Beorma or Finnish tribes. Probably
the Samoyeds then, as now, drove their reindee