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vary widely in composition from the nearly pure copper minerals, such as malachite and copper sulphide, to very low grade materials which contain such impurities as silica, lead, iron, silver, sulphur, arsenic, and antimony. In nearly all varieties there will be found a siliceous residue insoluble in acids. The method here given, which is a modification of that described by A.H. Low (!J. Am. Chem. Soc.! (1902), 24, 1082), provides for the extraction of the copper from commonly occurring ores, and for the presence of their common impurities. For practice analyses it is advisable to select an ore of a fair degree of purity. PROCEDURE.-- Weigh out two portions of about 0.5 gram each of the ore (which should be ground until no grit is detected) into 250 cc. Erlenmeyer flasks or small beakers. Add 10 cc. of concentrated nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42) and heat very gently until the ore is decomposed and the acid evaporated nearly to dryness (Note 1). Add 5 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.2) and warm gently. Then add about 7 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84) and evaporate over a free flame until the sulphuric acid fumes freely (Note 2). It has then displaced nitric and hydrochloric acid from their compounds. Cool the flask or beaker, add 25 cc. of water, heat the solution to boiling, and boil for two minutes. Filter to remove insoluble sulphates, silica and any silver that may have been precipitated as silver chloride, and receive the filtrate in a small beaker, washing the precipitate and filter paper with warm water until the filtrate and washings amount to 75 cc. Bend a strip of aluminium foil (5 cm. x 12 cm.) into triangular form and place it on edge in the beaker. Cover the beaker and boil the solution (being careful to avoid loss of liquid by spattering) for ten minutes, but do not evaporate to small volume. Wash the cover glass and sides of the beaker. The copper should now be in the form of a precipitate at the bottom of the beaker or adhering loosely to the aluminium sheet. Remove the sheet, wash it carefully with hydrogen sulphide water and place it in a small beaker. Decant the solution through a filter, wash the precipitated copper twice by decantation with hydrogen sulphide water, and finally transfer the copper to the filter paper, where it is again washed thoroughly, being careful at all times to keep the precipitated copper covered with the wash water. Remove and discard the
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