--, of reign of Richard II., 80

----, ----, of Henry VI., 83

----, on Dover seal, 72

----, on Poole seal, 74

----, on Sandwich seal, 71

----, Saracen, of the twelfth century, 68

----, Venetian, built for France, 1268..73

----, Venetian, of the twelfth century, of great size, 68

Ships, classification of, early fifteenth century, 81

----, earliest mention of, in history, 11

----, Egyptian, used in Hatshepsu's expedition to Punt, 19

----, English, of the end of the fifteenth century, 85

----, mediaeval, 65 _et seq._

----, Norman, 65

----, of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, improvements in, 79,
80

----, of the fourteenth century, crews of, 74

----, of the Norsemen, 58

----, of the Saxons, 56

----, of the Veneti, 55

----, of Vasco da Gama, 91

----, the most ancient known, 9

----, used in Trojan expedition, 31

See also MERCHANT-SHIPS, EAST INDIAMEN, WARSHIPS, WEST INDIAMEN

Shipbuilding, cost of timber for, in the nineteenth century, 155

----, improvements introduced by Sir Robert Seppings, 135 _et seq._

----, in ancient Greece, 28 _et seq._

----, introduction of shelf-pieces and waterways, 139

Shipping statistics of the principal maritime powers, 1

_Sir John Franklin_, American Transatlantic sailing-packet, 1840..148

Sluys, battle of, 74

_Soleil Royal_, French warship, end of the seventeenth century, 116

_Sovereign_, English warship, time of Henry VII., 92

_Sovereign of the Seas_, warship of Charles I., 110

Spanish Armada, account of, 97

Speeds attained by American clippers, 150

----, of galleys, 48, 50

Square buttocks, abandonment of, in English warships, 106

Steam navigation, introduction of, 155

Stern castles, development of, 72, 73, 75, 79, 83, 89, 95, 102

_Stornoway_ and _Chrysolite_, first Aberdeen clippers, 153

Strains, hogging and sagging, on ships, 135

Structural arrangements of ancient galleys, 51 _et seq._

Stuart kings, fondness of for Navy, 104, 108, 114

T

_Thames_, East Indiaman, of 1819, 145

_Thetis_, West Indiaman, 146, 147

Timber for shipbuilding, cost of, in the nineteenth century, 155

----, ----, superstitions of ancients regarding, 50

----, for warships, methods of treating in the eighteenth century, 122

----, used in construction of ancient galleys, 50

Topmasts, introduction