of Augustus Caesar 288
Gold Coin of Agrippa 292
The Carpentum or Chariot 293
Medal of Augustus 294
Medal of Nero 295
Roman Galley 299
Copper Coin of Antoninus Pius 306
Trajan's Pillar 308
Hadrian's Mausoleum restored 311
Reverse of a Brass Coin of Antoninus Pius 313
Commodus 317
Pertinax 318
Septimius Severus 319
Caracalla 321
Alexander Severus 323
Court-yard of Diocletian's Palace at Spolatro 327
Constantino and Fausta 330
Arch of Constantine 331
Map of the Propontis, Hellespont, and Bosphorus 333
Map of Constantinople 333
Julian the Apostate 336
Juvenal 351
Coin of Augustus 361

[Illustration: Virgil.]

HISTORY OF ROME.

[Illustration: Tivoli, the ancient Tibur.]

CHAPTER I.

GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY--EARLY INHABITANTS.

Italy is the central one of the three great peninsulas which project
from the south of Europe into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bounded on
the north by the chain of the Alps, which form a natural barrier, and it
is surrounded on other sides by the sea. Its shores are washed on the
west by the "Mare Inferum," or the Lower Sea, and on the east by the
Adriatic, called by the Romans the "Mare Superum," or the Upper Sea.
It may be divided into two parts, the northern consisting of the great
plain drained by the River Padus, or _Po_, and its tributaries, and the
southern being a long tongue of land, with the Apennines as a back-b