minalist and Realist Standpoint -- The
Idealism of Anarchists -- Spencer's Work: _From Freedom to
Restraint_.

VIII. THE SPREAD OF ANARCHISM IN EUROPE 260

First Period (1867-1880): The Peace and Freedom League -- The
Democratic Alliance and the Jurassic Bund -- Union with and
Separation from the "International" -- The Rising at Lyons --
Congress at Lausanne -- The Members of the Alliance in Italy,
Spain, and Belgium -- Second Period (from 1880): The German
Socialist Law -- Johann Most -- The London Congress -- French
Anarchism since 1880 -- Anarchism in Switzerland -- The
Geneva Congress -- Anarchism in Germany and Austria -- Joseph
Penkert -- Anarchism in Belgium and England -- Organisation
of the Spanish Anarchists -- Italy -- Character of Modern
Anarchism -- The Group -- Numerical Strength of the Anarchism
of Action.

IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS 304

Legislation against Anarchists -- Anarchism and Crime --
Tolerance towards Anarchist Theory -- Suppression of
Anarchist Crime -- Conclusion.

PART I

EARLY ANARCHISM

"A hundred fanatics are found to support a theological or
metaphysical statement, but not one for a geometric theorem."
CESARE LOMBROSO.

CHAPTER I

PRECURSORS AND EARLY HISTORY

Forerunners and Early History Definitions -- Is Anarchism
a Pathological Phenomenon? -- Anarchism Considered
Sociologically --Anarchist Movements in the Middle Ages --
The Theory of the Social Contract with Reference to Anarchism
-- Anarchist Movements during the French Revolution -- The
Philosophic Premises of the Anarchist Theory -- The Political
and Economic Assumptions of Anarchism.

"Die Welt wird alt und wird wieder jung
Doch der Mensch hofft immer auf Besserung."

Anarchy means, in its ideal sense, the perfect, unfettered
self-government of the individual, and, consequently, the absence of
any kind of external government. This fundamental formula, which in
its essence is common to all actual and real Theoretical Anarchists,
contains all that is necessary as a guide to the distinguishing
features of this remarkable movement. It demands the unconditional
realisa