, 1818, between the _Lautaro_ and the
_Esmeralda_, and another ending in the capture of the _Maria Isabella_
on October 28. In this series also is a portrait of the renowned
Admiral Cochrane, the 10th Earl of Dundonald, who organised the
Chilian Navy and played a great part in Chili's struggles for freedom
from Spain.

Ecuador's issue of 1896 marks the end of a period of civil strife and
the triumph of the Liberal Party, a portion of the proceeds of the
sale of the stamps being devoted to the destitute families of soldiers
killed while serving in defence of the Liberal cause.

[Illustration: 318 319]

Colombia gives us a number of stamp designs of war-like interest,
including warrior heroes, and a crude picture (_Fig._ 318) of the
cruiser _Cartagena_. A particularly bitter commemoration of the
centenary of the independence of Colombia in 1910 was the picturing
on a registration fee stamp of the wholesale executions ordered by the
Spanish victors at Carthagena on February 24, 1816. (_Fig._ 319). To
this stamp objections were raised by the Spanish Minister at Bogota,
and in deference to his protests it was withdrawn from circulation.

Guatemala displays its Artillery Barracks (_Fig._ 320). The much
disturbed Dominican Republic warns off possible invaders by displaying
the fortress of Santo Domingo. Its map issue of 1900 (_Fig._ 320A),
owing to a dispute over the boundary indicated nearly led to war with
the Haytian Republic. Hayti shows the fortress of Sans Souci (_Fig._
321). Peru having had its stamps much overprinted by the Chilians in
1881-1883, vaunts more peaceful subjects on its recent picture stamps,
e.g., its General Post Office, Municipal Institute of Hygiene, and
the Lima Medical School. Uruguay, after its civil war of 1904, added
a "peace" overprint to its contemporary stamps, reading PAZ-1904. It
also illustrates the fortress and port of Montevideo, and its cruiser
of the same name on its issues of 1908 and 1909 (_Fig._ 322), and
Venezuela has given us crude sketches of the revolutionary steamer
_Bankigh_ (_Fig._ 323), and a map stamp illustrative of the great
boundary dispute with Great Britain.

[Illustration: 320 320A 321 322 323]

Brazil also furnishes examples of stamps specially furnished to
soldiers and sailors for use on their letters home in war-time. These
were printed by a stationer in Rio de Janeiro and were used during the
war with Paraguay 1865-1870. The army franks are inscribed EXERCITO