d of the breadth of two hands. The
rowers (u[|c]ugahi aka) sat near the bow, and the steersman
([|c]isa^{n}['][|c]a aka) took his seat at the stern.

Musical Instruments.

Battles were of five kinds, [P]exe were generally gourds; wata^{n}[']
[p]exe, gourd rattles, were always round, and were partially filled with
seed, fine shot, or gravel, [T]ahanu[k]a [p]exe, green-hide rattles,
were of two sorts, one of which is "[|c]iguje," bent a little. Specimens
of this form are in the National Museum.

Two kinds of rattles were called [t]a-cage, i.e., "deers-claws," from
the composition of one variety, though the other was made of molars of
the elk.

[Illustration: Fig. 317--Skin drum.]

[Illustration: Fig. 318--Box drum.]

The Omaha used three styles of drums. The [|c]exe-ga[k]u b[|c]aska, or
flat drum, is illustrated by a specimen (no. 21675) in the National
Museum. The [|c]exe-ga[k]u gadaje is made of buffalo hide, cowhide, or
the skin of a horse. An example of this drum (no. 24682) is also in the
National Museum, and is illustrated by the accompanying figure 317. The
ja^{n}['] [|c]exe-ga[k]u, or [k]uge [|c]exe-ga[k]u, is a wooden or box
drum, represented by the accompanying figure 318, also from a specimen
(no. 58610) in the National Museum.

Whistles were made of elder (ba[t]uci-hi, or popgun wood) by pushing out
the pith. No holes were made in the sides of the tube.

Nisude [t]an[']ga, or large flutes, were made of red cedar. A branch was
cut off, rounded, split open with a knife, and hollowed out; then six
holes were made in the side of one of them, and the halves were
stuck together again. When one of these instruments is blown it
produces quavering notes. The best specimens were made by
[P]a[|c]i^{n}-[t]an[']ga, Big Pawnee.

The large flute is illustrated in figure 319.[1] Wahi nisude, or bone
flutes, were made of the long bones from the eagle wing. These small
flutes have only one hole. Reed flutes, [|c]iq[|c]e nisude, were made of
a kind of reed which grows south of the Omaha territory, probably in
Kansas. The Omaha obtained the reeds from some of the southern tribes
and made them into flutes having but one hole each.

[Footnote 1: Compare Ree fife, "AMM 129-8429, Gray and Matthews," in the
National Museum.]

[Illustration: Fig. 319.--Omaha large flute.]

WEAPONS.

Clubs.

[Illustration: Fig. 320.--Omaha club (ja^{n}-[p]a[c]na).]

The ja^{n}-weti^{n}, "striking-wood," is a four-sided club