icultural survey, the
surface of Bosnia and Herzegovina was laid out as follows:--

Acres.
Plough-land. 2,355,499
Garden-ground. 103,040
Meadow. 739,200
Vineyards. 12,598
Pasture. 1,875,840
Forest. 5,670,619
Unproductive. 210,998

Apart from the arid wastes of the Karst, the soil is well adapted for
the growing of cereals, especially Indian corn; olives, vines,
mulberries, figs, pomegranates, melons, oranges, lemons, rice and
tobacco flourish in Herzegovina and the more sheltered portions of
Bosnia. Near Doboj, on the Bosna, there is a state sugar-refinery, for
which beetroot is largely grown in the vicinity. _Pyrethrum
cinerariaefolium_ is exported for the manufacture of insect-powder, and
sunflowers are cultivated for the oil contained in their seeds. The
plum-orchards of the Posavina furnish prunes and a spirit called
_slivovica, shlivovitsa_ or _sliwowitz_. This district is the
headquarters of a thriving trade in pigs. Poultry, bees and silkworms
are commonly kept. On the whole agriculture is backward, despite the
richness of the soil; for the cultivators are a very conservative race,
and prefer the methods and implements of their ancestors. Many
improvements were, nevertheless, introduced by the government after
1878. Machinery was lent to the farmers, and free grants of seed were
made. Model farms were established at Livno and at Gacko, on the
Montenegrin border; a school of viticulture near Mostar; a model
poultry-farm at Prijedor, close to the Croatian boundary; a school of
agriculture and dairy farming at Ilidze; and another school at Modric,
near the mouth of the Bosna, where a certain number of village
schoolmasters are annually trained, for six weeks, in practical
husbandry. Seed is distributed, and agricultural machinery lent, by the
government. To better the breeds of live-stock, a stud-farm was opened
near Serajevo, and foreign horses, cattle, sheep and poultry are
imported.

7. _Land Tenure._--The _zadruga_, or household community, more common in
Servia (q.v.), survives to a small extent in Bosnia and Herzegovina;
but, as a rule, the tenure of land resembles the system called
_metayage_. At the time of the Austrian occupation (1878) it was
regulated by a Turkish enactment[1] of the 12th of September 1859. Apart
from gardens and house-property, all land was, according to this
enactm