certainty, except perhaps Dabigu, a name we may trace in
that of the modern village of Dehbek.

**** Tul-Barsip has been identified with Birejik.

To the south-east, Bit-Adini bordered upon the country of the Sukhi and
the Laqi,* lying to the east of Assyria; other principalities, mainly of
Aramoan origin, formed its boundary to the north and north-west--Shugab
in the bend of the Euphrates, from Birejik to Samosata,** Tul-Abni
around Edessa,*** the district of Harran,**** Bit-Zamani, Izalla in
the Tektek-dagh and on the Upper Khabur, and Bit-Bakhiani in the plain
extending from the Khabur to the Kharmish.^

* In his previous campaign Assur-nazir-pal had taken two
towns of Bit-Adini, situated on the right bank of the
Euphrates, at the eastern extremity of Mount Bisuru, near
the frontier of the Laqi.

** The country of Shugab is mentioned between Birejik (Tul-
Barsip) and Bit-Zamani, in one of the campaigns of
Shalmaneser III., which obliges us to place it in the caza
of Rum-kaleh; the name has been read Sumu.

*** Tul-Abni, which was at first sought for near the sources
of the Tigris, has been placed in the Mesopotamian plain.
The position which it occupies among the other names obliges
us to put it near Bit-Adini and Bit-Zamani: the only
possible site that I can find for it is at Orfah, the Edessa
of classical times.

**** The country of Harran is nowhere mentioned as belonging
either to Bit-Adini or to Tul-Abni: we must hence conclude
that at this period it formed a little principality
independent of those two states.

^ The situation of Bit-Bakhiani is shown by the position
which it occupies in the account of the campaign, and by the
names associated with it in another passage of the _Annals_.

Bit-Zamani had belonged to Assyria by right of conquest ever since the
death of Ammibaal; Izalla and Bit-Bakhiani had fulfilled their duties
as vassals whenever Assur-nazir-pal had appeared in their neighbourhood;
Bit-Adini alone had remained independent, though its strength was more
apparent than real. The districts which it included had never been able
to form a basis for a powerful state. If by chance some small kingdom
arose within it, uniting under one authority the tribes scattered over
the burning plain or along the river banks, the first conquering
dynasty which sprang up in the neighbourhoo