e conditions of wage-earners must take the
place of strikes.

_The boycott._--The boycott is a comparatively recent device for enlarging
the field of combat to include not only the employes of an establishment
but the consumers of its products. This is especially applicable to those
industries the products of which are largely consumed by wage-earners,
whose sympathies can be depended upon to carry it out. It asks all
sympathizers to refuse to purchase products from the employer or firm
attacked. A great bakery, for instance, can easily be ruined by a boycott,
if its customers are chiefly wage-earners. It is easily applied in cases
where custom has allowed the use of a label from some organization of
workers. It has been attempted with some success against a railroad so
related to other roads as to require the services of sympathizers with its
striking employes to carry its freight to final destination. An instance
of its widest application is in an effort to persuade the people of a city
to refuse to patronize the street-car system.

The warlike nature of this method is apparent in the effort to use terror
as one means of persuasion. In this case it uniformly overreaches itself
in destroying public sympathy with the strikers. That it has a possible
place in the struggle of wage-earners for their rights cannot be disputed,
since it corresponds with the nature of a blockade or a siege in other
warfare. But its nature as a method of warfare is equally clear, and its
use in the interests of humanity belongs, with all war, as a last resort.

_The lockout._--Lockout is a name given to a method employed by managers to
prevent the continuance of a strike by aid of the sympathy of employes not
directly interested. It often happens that a comparatively small body of
workmen in a great factory strike for higher wages, and are sustained in
their strike by the sympathy and support of other workmen in the same
factory. Under these conditions the employer is tempted to stop all work
by a sudden closing of all shops, that the pressure of suffering among a
large body of wage-earners may force the smaller body to accept the old
conditions. The lockout seldom gains a popular sympathy, for the reason
that employers appear to be using this method of warfare from a superior
position of power. And yet no one can dispute the general right of
employers to control of their business. Such a sudden stopping of business
without an attack by a str