of development in the west gives
overwhelming evidence of their weakness. Even when the bounty is offered
for reduction of vermin, it is often misapplied. Numerous cases are on
record where the bounty became a stimulant to enterprise in raising the
very animals to be destroyed. Even rewards for the arrest of criminals
seem sometimes to create a body of men who thrive by fostering a criminal
class, with a hope of sometime getting a profit from arrests. As a means
of stimulating general industry they are too unstable to be satisfactory.
Most probably political parties are in constant contention over the
maintenance of the bounty. No more insidious enemy to the purity of
politics can be found than the selfish interest aroused by special
bounties.

_Monopoly privileges._--Government monopolies have been a favorite method
in past ages of fostering particular enterprises. These are in the nature
of an exclusive privilege, granted to individuals or corporations for the
manufacture or sale of particular commodities, and occasionally for
special public services. These were once a method of showing royal favor,
and the word monopoly has in its very nature the idea of inequality. Hence
they are unpopular under all circumstances, except when permanent and
universal advantage is secured.

_License._--The monopoly of service is secured by the issue of a license.
If granted through official favoritism, the wrong is easily appreciated;
if granted to all who conform to necessary requirements for the general
welfare, as in showing qualifications for teaching, compounding of drugs,
or practice of medicine, the license is recognized as useful. In fact, it
seems to furnish security for satisfactory governmental service, and is
the basis of all promised reform in civil administration.

_Patent and copyright._--The chief illustrations of a genuine monopoly
maintained by government authority are found in the patent upon inventions
and the copyright upon publications. A patent is conferred upon the
inventor of "any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composition
of matter, or any improvement thereof," upon proof that the invention is
original, not previously in use anywhere, and likely to be beneficial
rather than detrimental. This patent secures to the inventor the sole
right to make, use or exchange articles manufactured after the pattern
described, or upon the principle involved in construction. This monopoly
is limited usually to