e analysis excludes as not belonging to
the mere being or nature of the object." It is said that our first idea
of _substance_ is, possibly, derived from the consciousness of self, the
conviction that, while our sensations, thought and purposes are
changing, we continue the same. "We see bodies also remaining the same
as to quantity or extension, while their color and figure, their state
of motion or rest may be changed." It has also been said that
_substances_ are either primary, that is singular, individual
_substances_; or secondary, that is genera, and species of _substance_.

Substances have been divided into complete and incomplete, finite and
infinite. But it is to be remembered that these are merely divisions of
being. Substance is properly divided into matter and spirit, or that
which is extended and that which thinks.

"The foundation principle of substance is that law of the human mind by
which every quality or mode of being is referred to a substance," or the
consciousness of a cause for every effect. "In everything which we
perceive or can imagine as existing, we distinguish two parts, qualities
variable and multiplied; and a being one and identical; and these two
are so united in thought that we can not separate them in our
intelligence, nor think of qualities without a _substance_." So it is a
self-evident or first truth, that there is a subjective or inner man
which thinks, reflects and reasons, for memory recalls to us the many
modes of our mind; its many qualities and conditions. What variety of
mental conditions have we not experienced? These are all so many
evidences of an internal _substance_ that we call spirit. That spirit is
to be distinguished from thought as cause is from effect is evident; and
also from matter lying in the accident or quality of body, is certain,
from the fact of its being subject to such rapid and instantaneous
changes of condition. Amidst all the different modes, qualities, or
accidents of mind, we believe ourselves to be the same individual being;
and this conviction is the result of that law of thought which always
associates qualities with things.

In the world around us phenomena, qualities or accidents are continually
changing, but we believe that these, all, are produced by causes which
_remain, as substances, the same_. And as we know ourselves to be the
causes of our own acts, and to be able to change, within a moment, the
modes of our own mind, so we believe the c