s supported by Juvenal's references to Britain. Some of these,
like his references to Egypt, seem, in contradistinction to most of
his references to foreign parts, to imply personal knowledge and
observation. They are as follows:

(1) 2, 159-161,

'Arma quidem ultra
litora Iuvernae promovimus et modo captas
Orcadas ac minima contentos nocte Britannos.'

Here 'Iuverna' is the old name of Ireland, which is not mentioned even
in Tacitus' _Agricola_[99]; for the Orcades cf. Tac. _Agr._ 10; and
the excessive shortness of the summer nights mentioned in the last
clause is especially true of the north of Scotland.

(2) 10, 14,

'Quanto delphinis balaena Britannica maior.'

This is also particularly applicable to the north of Scotland, whales
being frequently seen off the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

(3) 4, 141,

'Rutupinove edita fundo
ostrea.'

(4) 14, 196,

'Castella Brigantum.'

(5) 15, 111,

'Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos,
de conducendo loquitur iam rhetore Thule.'

Cf. Tac. _Agr._ 21.

(6) 15, 124, 'Brittones.' This form is rarely found except in military
inscriptions,[100] and could scarcely have been used except by one
familiar with the camp in Britain.[101]

That Juvenal came to Rome about A.D. 90 has been shown above. This
step he may have taken to forward his promotion in the army and
afterwards in the procuratorial service. His failure in this direction
may have led to his pessimism. His friendship with Martial (whom,
however, he does not mention) is shown by Mart. vii. 24 (cf. vii. 91),

'Cum Iuvenale meo quae me committere temptas,
quid non audebis, perfida lingua, loqui?' etc.

That he was still in Rome in B.C. 101, and had the entree of the atria
of rich nobles is shown by Mart. xii. 18, written in that year.

'Dum tu forsitan inquietus erras
clamosa, Iuvenalis, in Subura
aut collem dominae teris Dianae,
dura per limina te potentiorum
sudatrix toga ventilat vagumque
maior Caelius et minor fatigant,
me multos repetita post Decembres
accepit mea rusticumque fecit
auro Bilbilis et superba ferro.'

From this we see that he lived in the Subura, the plebeian quarter.
Cf. 3, 5,

'ego vel Prochytam praepono Suburae.'

While in Rome he still possessed his land at Aquinum and also a
property at Tibur; 11, 65,

'de Tiburtino veniet pinguissimus agro
haedulus.'

The statement of the _vitae_ that Juvenal stu