s the commonplaces of
the schools, as 8, 56,

'Animalia muta
quis generosa putet nisi fortia?'

So 8, 215-6. In the manner of a rhetorician he sometimes gives
superabundant details. The best example of this is 10, 190-250, on the
troubles of old age.

(_c_) His knowledge of mythology, history, law, and philosophy. This
is found mostly in the later Books. In the earlier Satires he dealt
more with life as he had known it. In the later Satires he has
recourse to republican times and to foreign history. His historical
examples Friedlaender thinks he took mostly from Valerius Maximus.
Juvenal's knowledge of philosophy was very superficial, and was
probably got from his rhetorical training. Errors occur; thus in 13,
121-2, Stoics and Cynics are looked upon as identical.[106]

(_d_) His high-flown language referred to above.

(_e_) His references to previous literature. Thus Horace is often
referred to (cf. 7, 62 and 227); Virgil with great frequency (cf. 1,
162; 6, 434 _sqq._; 7, 66 and 227; 7, 233 _sqq._). Mayor mentions
Homer, Herodotus, Plato, Lucilius, Cicero, Ovid, Manilius, Valerius
Maximus, Seneca, Lucan, and Martial among the authors imitated by
Juvenal.

PLINY THE YOUNGER.

Pliny's full name on the inscriptions of the later period of his life
reads 'C. Plinius L. f. Ouf. Caecilius Secundus.' This name he partly
got from his mother's brother C. Plinius Secundus (Pliny the elder),
who adopted him by will: cf. _Ep._ v. 8, 5, 'Avunculus meus idemque
per adoptionem pater.' Pliny's name before his adoption in A.D. 79
(see below) was P. Caecilius L. f. Ouf. Secundus. His birthplace was
Comum, and he belonged to the Oufentina, the tribe of the people of
Comum, as well on the side of his natural as on that of his adoptive
father. In an inscription preserved at Como (_C.I.L._ v. 5279) Pliny's
father, Cilo, is mentioned, and two men who are undoubtedly Cilo's
sons, the second mentioned being Pliny the younger, who had always
been called Secundus.

'L. Caecilius L. f. Cilo iiii.vir a(edilicia) p(otestate), qui
testamento suo (sestertium) n(ummum) xxxx. (milia) municipibus
Comensibus legavit, ex quorum reditu quotannis per Neptunalia oleum in
campo et in thermis et in balineis omnibus, quae sunt Comi,
praeberentur, t(estamento) f(ieri) iussit et L. Caecilio L. f. Valenti
et P. Caecilio L. f. Secundo et Lutullae Picti f. contubernali.'[107]

For Cilo's bequests here mentioned cf. Pliny, _Ep._ i, 8