s so in relation with Christ as to receive from Him
his healing virtue are chiefly prayer and the sacraments of the church;
mere works are never sufficient. Man in his social relations is under two
great institutions. One is temporal, natural and limited--the state; the
other is eternal, cosmopolitan and universal--the church. In the state two
things are requisite: first, common submission to the ruler, which can be
secured or given only when the state is Christian, for God alone is the
true ruler of men; and, secondly, inequality of rank, without which there
can be no organization. A despotism of mere power and liberalism, which
naturally produces socialism, are equally objectionable. The ideal state is
a civil community ruled by a universal or Catholic church, the principles
of which are equally distinct from mere passive pietism, or faith which
will know nothing, and from the Protestant doctrine, which is the very
radicalism of reason.

Baader is, without doubt, among the greatest speculative theologians of
modern Catholicism, and his influence has extended itself even beyond the
precincts of his own church. Among those whom he influenced were R. Rothe,
Julius Mueller and Hans L. Markensen.

His works were collected and published by a number of his adherents--F.
Hoffman, J. Hamberger, E. v. Schaden, Lutterbeck, von Osten-Sacken and
Schlueter--_Baader's saemmtliche Werke_ (16 vols., 1851-1860). Valuable
introductions by the editors are prefixed to the several volumes. Vol. xv.
contains a full biography; vol. xvi. an index, and an able sketch of the
whole system by Lutterbeck. See F. Hoffmann, _Vorhalle zur spekulativen
Lehre Baader's_ (1836); _Grundzuege der Societaets-Philosophie Franz
Baader's_ (1837); _Philosophische Schriften_ (3 vols., 1868-1872); _Die
Weltalter_ (1868); _Biographie und Briefwechsel_ (Leipzig, 1887); J.
Hamberger, _Cardinalpunkte der Baaderschen Philosophie_ (1855);
_Fundamentalbegriffe von F. B.'s Ethik, Politik, u. Religions-Philosophie_
(1858); J. A. B. Lutterbeck, _Philosophische Standpunkte Baaders_ (1854);
_Baaders Lehre vom Weltgebaeude_ (1866). The most satisfactory surveys are
those given by Erdmann, _Versuch einer Gesch. d. neuern Phil._ iii. 2, pp.
583-636; J. Claassen, _Franz von Baaders Leben und theosophische Werke_
(Stuttgart, 1886-1887), and _Franz von Baaders Gedanken ueber Staat und
Gesellschaft_ (Guetersloh, 1890); Otto Pfleiderer, _Philosophy of Religion_
(vol. ii., Eng. trans