ve
the remnants of it from destruction. Others foresaw that a restoration
of the Bourbons portended reaction, in its worst sense, throughout all
the continent of Europe. But such memories and forebodings were hushed
in the sincere and general rejoicing over the return of peace, marred by
no suspicion of the new trials and privations which peace itself was
destined to bring with it for the working classes of Great Britain.

FOOTNOTES:

[53] See p. 105.

[54] George, _Napoleon's Invasion of Russia_, p. 33.

[55] James, _British Naval History_, iv., 470-84.

[56] See above, p. 58.

[57] See _Cambridge Modern History_, vii., 336, 338.

[58] For details of the naval warfare of this year see James, _British
Naval History_, vi., 115-202.

[59] Rose, _Life of Napoleon I._, ii., 372.

[60] For the importance of this flight of the Emperor Francis see Rose,
_Life of Napoleon I._, ii., 418, 425. The flight did not take place till
after the advance on Paris was begun.

CHAPTER VII.

VIENNA AND WATERLOO.

After the restoration of Louis XVIII. as a constitutional king, the
treaty of Paris between France and the allied powers was signed on May
30, 1814. The treaty amounted to a settlement in outline of those
territorial questions in Europe in which France was concerned, and aimed
mainly at the construction of a strong barrier to resist further
encroachments by France on her neighbours. The French boundaries were to
coincide generally with the limits of French territory on January 1,
1792, but with certain additions. The principle adopted was that France
should retain certain detached pieces of foreign states within her own
frontier (such as Muehlhausen, Montbeliard, and the Venaissin), while the
line of frontier was extended so as to include certain detached
fragments belonging to France before 1792, such as Landau, Mariembourg,
and Philippeville, as well as Western Savoy with Chambery for its
capital. She was moreover allowed to regain all her colonies except the
Mauritius, St. Lucia, and Tobago. The Spanish portion of San Domingo was
restored to the Spanish government. Holland was placed under the
sovereignty of the house of Orange, and was to receive an increase of
territory; so much of Italy as was not to be ceded to Austria was to
consist of independent sovereign states; and Germany was to be formed
into a confederation. Finally an European congress was