ce in French
literature, as the first who reduced its versification to rule, and
taught the value of workmanship for its own sake. His influence on
English literature, through Pope and his contemporaries, was not less
strong, though less durable. After much undue depreciation Boileau's
critical work has been rehabilitated by recent writers, perhaps to the
extent of some exaggeration in the other direction. It has been shown
that in spite of undue harshness in individual cases most of his
criticisms have been substantially adopted by his successors.

Numerous editions of Boileau's works were published during his
lifetime. The last of these, _Oeuvres diverses_ (1701), known as the
"favourite" edition of the poet, was reprinted with variants and notes
by Alphonse Pauly (2 vols., 1894). The critical text of his works was
established by Berriat Saint-Prix, _Oeuvres de Boileau_ (4 vols.,
1830-1837), who made use of some 350 editions. This text, edited with
notes by Paul Cheron, with the _Boloeana_ of 1740, and an essay by
Sainte-Beuve, was reprinted by Garnier _freres_ (1860).

See also Sainte-Beuve, _Causeries du lundi_, vol. vi.; F. Brunetiere,
"L'Esthetique de Boileau" (_Revue des Deux Mondes_, June 1889), and an
exhaustive article by the same critic in _La Grande encyclopedie_; G.
Lanson, _Boileau_ (1892), in the series of _Grands ecrivains
francais_.

BOILER, a vessel in which water or other liquid is heated to the boiling
point; specifically, the apparatus by which steam is produced from
water, as one step in the process whereby the potential energy of coal
or other fuel is converted into mechanical work by means of the
steam-engine. Boilers of the latter kind must all possess certain
essential features, whilst of other qualities that are desirable some
may not be altogether compatible with the special conditions under which
the boilers are to be worked. Amongst the essentials are a receptacle
capable of containing the water and the steam produced by its
evaporation, and strong enough continuously to withstand with safety the
highest pressure of steam for which the boiler is intended. Another
essential is a furnace for burning the fuel, and a further one is the
provision of a sufficiency of heating surface for the transmission of
the heat produced by the combustion of the fuel to the water which is
required to be evaporated. Desirable qualities are that the arrangements
of the furnaces