he movements and
habits of the herds, and, because of this, was often able to give the
Cave-men good advice. The magical ceremonies he practiced were of use
to him in getting the people to believe in his wonderful power. (See,
also, notes under _XXXIV_.)

_Lesson XXXIX._ Although there was a great variety and abundance of
fish, not all the Cave-men used fish. From the remains which have been
found, however, we know that different clans used nearly all the
varieties of fish which still may be found in our rivers and lakes;
and we may readily believe that a salmon stream would be held as
property common to all the neighboring tribes, as it is to-day among
hunting and fishing peoples.

Fishing tackle of the Cave-men was very crude. Fish were sufficiently
abundant, however, to be caught with the hands or by means of stones
and clubs. A fish hook made of a bear's tooth, by removing the enamel
and crown and lessening the thickness by rubbing, has been found. The
barbed harpoons, which were originally made for hunting, were later
used in spearing fish. Harpoons with barbs on both sides were well
adapted for throwing through the air, while those with barbs on one
side were better adapted for use in the water. An experiment with a
pencil in a glass of water will show the child that the part in the
water is not where it appears to be, and from this he can readily
reach the conclusion given above.

_Lesson XL._ If one will notice the clothing and the cradles of the
North American Indians in a museum, he cannot fail to observe that
care was taken in their preparation. They are comfortable and, in many
cases, beautiful. We may well believe from what is known that among
all primitive peoples the beauty, especially that of ornamentation,
was for the sake of some supposed magical power. The representation of
an animal was supposed to secure the especial protection of that
animal, which was worshiped as a god. The bear's tooth, which was
pierced and strung about the neck of an infant, served a useful
purpose when the child was cutting teeth, and it was supposed to be
a charm which served to protect the child.

_Lesson XLI._ The strongest motives for cooperation were doubtless
the common need of protection from dangerous beasts of prey and the
need of adopting methods of hunting wild animals which required the
united efforts of many people. Notice that the different batons and
fragments of batons represented in this book differ in t