he whole surface becomes yellow. The Barbera d'Asti is
well marked by several characters (p. 426), amongst others, "by some of
the leaves, and it is always the lowest on the branches, suddenly
becoming of a dark red colour." Several authors in classifying grapes
have founded their main divisions on the berries being either round or
oblong; and Odart admits the value of this character; yet there is one
variety, the Maccabeo (p. 71), which often produces small round, and
large oblong, berries in the same bunch. Certain grapes called Nebbiolo
(p. 429) present a constant character, sufficient for their
recognition, namely, "the slight adherence of that part of the pulp
which surrounds the seeds to the rest of the berry, when cut through
transversely." A Rhenish variety is mentioned (p. 228) which likes a
dry soil; the fruit ripens well, but at the moment of maturity, if much
rain falls, the berries are apt to rot; on the other hand, the fruit of
a Swiss variety (p. 243) is valued for well sustaining prolonged
humidity. This latter variety sprouts late in the spring, yet matures
its fruit early; other varieties (p. 362) have the fault of being too
much excited by the April sun, and in consequence suffer from frost. A
Styrian variety (p. 254) has brittle foot-stalks, so that the clusters
of fruit are often blown off; this variety is said to be particularly
attractive to wasps and bees. Other varieties have tough stalks, which
resist the wind. Many other variable characters could be given, but the
foregoing facts are sufficient to show in how many small structural and
{334} constitutional details the vine varies. During the vine disease
in France certain whole groups of varieties[622] have suffered far more
from mildew than others. Thus "the group of the Chasselas, so rich in
varieties, did not afford a single fortunate exception;" certain other
groups suffered much less; the true old Burgundy, for instance, was
comparatively free from disease, and the Carminat likewise resisted the
attack. The American vines, which belong to a distinct species,
entirely escaped the disease in France; and we thus see that those
European varieties which best resist the disease must have acquired in
a slight degree the same constitutional peculiarities as the American
species.

_White Mulberry_ (_Morus alba_).--I