ting to Colonial History of New York_, iii, 307.

[53] _Ibid._, ix, 875; iv, 511; Burghermen and Freemen, _collection of
New York Historical Society_, 1885, p. 569.

[54] _Ibid._, 377 (London Doc. xi); _ibid._, vi, 1005 (London Doc.
xxxii.) "Letter from a gunner to his cousin."

[55] Williams, _op. cit._, pp. 137, 142.

[56] Horsmanden, _History of the Negro Plot, passim._

[57] For business enterprises, see chap. v, pp. 96-7.

[58] Quoted in Ovington, _Half a Man_, pp. 27-28.

[59] _Constitution and By-Laws of the United Public Waiters' Mutual
Beneficial Association._

[60] Ovington, _op. cit._, pp. 93-95.

[61] _Cf._ Ovington, _op. cit._, pp. 56-57, 144-145.

[62] In a canvass of business establishments 12 manufacturers, 1
architect, 3 plumbers and steam-fitters, 2 printing firms, 10
contractors and builders and 3 miscellaneous--37 total--12 were
decidedly against employing Negroes, 9 giving as a reason the
objections of their white workmen; 13 were non-committal, and 12, 10
of whom were builders and contractors, offered or gave employment to
Negroes above the average competency; _cf._ Ovington, _op. cit._, pp.
91-98.

CHAPTER V

WAGES AND EFFICIENCY OF WAGE-EARNERS

The question of wages and working efficiency are so closely related
that they can be better treated together than separately. The material
for this part of the monograph has been gathered from three sources,
namely: a personal canvass, the records of employment agencies for
personal and domestic help, and the statement of union rates published
by the New York Bureau of Labor Statistics. It has not been possible
to calculate the time loss by the worker, and therefore any estimate
of annual income based upon the figures given must be made on the
assumption of a full year of work. This, of course, is not the actual
case, especially with many wage-earners in domestic and personal
service.

I. WAGES IN DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE

The Employment Agencies' Law of New York City requires that each
agency keep a careful and accurate record of the wages of those for
whom they secure situations, as well as written references from former
employers of each applicant. Since inspectors from the Bureau of
Licenses have access to these records at any time, they are probably
carefully kept. The material on wages which has been taken largely
from these sources has been arranged to show the number of individuals
who receive a specified wage, b