vely
insignificant quantity as shown.

Again, an enormous waste is shown in the flooring, roof and air-spaces
of the "tower," while this item is but a trifle in the "flat." The six
floors, each 16 inches thick, and the roofing make up together in the
"tower" 12,000 cubic feet, or nearly the equivalent of an entire
story. Add to this 12,000 cubic feet of air-space under the roof and
over the concrete, and we have in these items a waste of 24,000 cubic
feet, against only 4,000 in the "flat."

Thus we see that the waste space in the "tower" actually exceeds the
available. Yet it must be paid for at the same rate with the latter.
Deducting the waste in the "flat" from that in the "tower," we find
the balance of waste space in the "tower" to be equal to the
available, showing graphically that the "tower" must cost, in these
items alone, just twice as much as the "flat."

[Illustration: Figure 4.]

Figure 4 shows a block-plan on a very small scale of the
apartment-house, and a block-plan on the same scale of 40 "towers"
adjoining each other, and having the same available space as the
apartment-house. These plans show how much more land is required to
give the same accommodations (minus the conveniences and luxuries of
an apartment-house) in the "tower" system than in the "flat."

The shaded portions in each block-plan represent the aggregate of
available room in each case. This shows very strikingly what an
enormous proportion of land and material is wasted in the "tower"
system.

In short, the possible saving in first cost for each family adopting
the "flat" system of building lies between $14,265 and $28,758, making
an aggregate saving for the 80 families occupying the apartment of
between one and two millions of dollars.

The annual running expenses are also greatly in favor of the "flat"
system when the advantages of cooeperation are used to its greatest
extent.

Eighty independent Irish cooks give way to a professional _chef_ and
half-a-dozen _attaches_. The wages and maintenance of the 80 cooks
would amount to an annual sum of not less than $40,000; those of the
_chef_ and his assistants to hardly $10,000, making in this one item a
possible annual saving of $30,000.

The management of the 80 independent Irish cooks, if possible at all,
could only be accomplished by the constant struggle of 80 worried and
largely inexperienced owners or their wives. The management of the
_chef_ and his _attaches_ could more