n of as copal. Of the varieties above enumerated by far the
most important from a commercial point of view is the Zanzibar or East
African copal, yielded by _Trachylobium Hornemannianum_. The resin is
found in two distinct conditions: (1) raw or recent, called by the
inhabitants of the coast sandarusiza miti or chakazi, the latter name
being corrupted by Zanzibar traders into "jackass" copal; and (2) ripe
or true copal, the sandarusi inti of the natives. The raw copal, which
is obtained direct from the trees, or found at their roots or near the
surface of the ground, is not regarded by the natives as of much value,
and does not enter into European commerce. It is sent to India and
China, where it is manufactured into a coarse kind of varnish. The true
or fossil copal is found embedded in the earth over a wide belt of the
mainland coast of Zanzibar, on tracts where not a single tree is now
visible. The copal is not found at a greater depth in the ground than 4
ft., and it is seldom the diggers go deeper than about 3 ft. It occurs
in pieces varying from the size of small pebbles up to masses of several
ounces in weight, and occasionally lumps weighing 4 or 5 lb have been
obtained. After being freed from foreign matter, the resin is submitted
to various chemical operations for the purpose of clearing the
"goose-skin," the name given to the peculiar pitted-like surface
possessed by fossil copal. The goose-skin was formerly supposed to be
caused by the impression of the small stones and sand of the soil into
which the soft resin fell in its raw condition; but it appears that the
copal when first dug up presents no trace of the goose-skin, the
subsequent appearance of which is due to oxidation or inter-molecular
change.

COPALITE, or COPALINE, also termed "fossil resin" and "Highgate resin,"
a naturally occurring organic substance found as irregular pieces of
pale-yellow colour in the London clay at Highgate Hill. It has a
resinous aromatic odour when freshly broken, volatilizes at a moderate
temperature, and burns readily with a yellow, smoky flame, leaving
scarcely any ash.

COPAN, an ancient ruined city of western Honduras, near the Guatemalan
frontier, and on the right bank of the Rio Copan, a tributary of the
Motagua. For an account of its elaborately sculptured stone buildings,
which rank among the most celebrated monuments of Mayan civilization,
see CENTRAL AMERICA: ARCHAEOLOGY. The city is sometimes regar