o the platforms of basalt from
which they rise. It is very probable, therefore, that the lavas of this
region have, in the main, been extruded from fissures of eruption at an
early period, and spread over the surface of the country in the same
manner as those of the Snake River region, and the borders of the
Pacific Ocean of North America, and possibly of the Antrim Plateau in
Ireland, afterwards to be described.

The volcanic hills which rise above the plateau are described in detail
by Schumacher. Of these, Tell Abu Nedir is the largest in the Jaulan. It
reaches an elevation of 4132 feet above the Mediterranean Sea, and 1710
feet above the plain from which it rises; the circumference of its base
is three miles, and the rim of the crater itself, which is oval in form,
is 1331 yards in its larger diameter. The interior is cultivated by
Circassians, and is very fruitful; the walls descend at an angle of
about 30 deg. on the inside, the exterior slope of the mountain being about
22 deg.. The cone seems to be formed chiefly of scoriae, and the lava-stream,
which issues forth from the interior, forms a frightfully stony and
lacerated district.[7]

[Illustration: Fig. 24.--Extinct Craters in the Jaulan, north-east from
the Sea of Galilee, called Tell Abu en Neda and Tell el Uram, with a
central cone.--(After Schumacher.)]

Another remarkable volcano is the Tell Abu en Neda (Fig. 24). This is a
double crater, with a cone (probably of cinders) rising from the
interior of one of them. The highest point of the rim of one of the
craters reaches a level of 4042 feet above the sea. A lava-stream issues
forth from Abu en Neda, and unites with another from a neighbouring
volcano.

Tell el Ahmar is a ruptured crater of imposing aspect, reaching an
elevation of 4060 feet, and sending forth a lava-current, which falls in
regular terraces from the outlet towards the west and north.

The ruptured crater of Tell el Akkasheh, which reaches a height of 3400
feet, has a less forbidding aspect than the greater number of the
extinct volcanoes of this region, owing to the fact that its sides are
covered by oaks, which attain to magnificent proportions along the
summit. Numerous other volcanic hills occur in this district, but the
most remarkable is that called Tell el Farras (the Hill of the Horse).
It is an isolated mountain, visible from afar, and reaches an elevation
of 3110 feet, or nearly 800 feet above the surrounding plain. The oval