c period may have been somewhat more than 2000 B.C.

[1] Lake Phiala, near the Lake of Huleh, is also situated to the west of
the Jordan valley. Its origin, according to Tristram, is volcanic.

[2] Schumacher, "The Jaulan," _Quarterly Statement of the Palestine
Exploration Fund_, 1886 and 1888; and _Across the Jordan_, London, 1886.

[3] Lartet, _Voyage d'Exploration de la mer Morte_ (Geologie), Paris,
1880.

[4] Tristram, _Land of Moab_, London, 1873; and _Land of Israel_, 1866.

[5] Niebuhr, _Beschreibung von Arabien_, 1773.

[6] C. M. Doughty, _Arabia Deserta_, 2 vols., 1888. A generalised
account of this volcanic region by the author will be found in the
"Memoir on the Physical Geology of Arabia Petraea, and Palestine,"
_Palestine Exploration Fund_, 1887.

[7] Schumacher, _loc. cit._, p. 248.

[8] _Land of Israel_, p. 461.

[9] "Geology of Arabia Petraea, and Palestine," _Memoirs of the Palestine
Exploration Fund_, p. 95.

[10] Doughty, _loc. cit._, vol. i., plate vi., p. 416. An excellent
geological sketch map accompanies this work.

[11] "Memoir of the Geology of Arabia Petraea, and Palestine," chap. vi.
p. 67.

[12] Nahum, i. 5, 6; Micah, i. 3, 4; Isaiah, lxiv. 1-3; Jeremiah, l. 25.

CHAPTER II.

THE VOLCANIC REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA.

(_a._) _Contrast between the Eastern and Western Regions._--In no point
is there a more remarkable contrast between the physical structure of
Eastern and Western America than in the absence of volcanic phenomena in
the former and their prodigious development in the latter. The great
valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries forms the dividing
territory between the volcanic and non-volcanic areas; so that on
crossing the high ridges in which the western tributaries of America's
greatest river have their sources, and to which the name of the "Rocky
Mountains" more properly belongs, we find ourselves in a region which,
throughout the later Tertiary times down almost to the present day, has
been the scene of volcanic operations on the grandest scale; where
lava-floods have been poured over the country through thousands of
square miles, and where volcanic cones, vying in magnitude with those of
Etna, Vesuvius, or Hecla, have established themselves. This region,
generally known as "The Great Basin," is bounded on the west by the
"Pacific Range" of mountains, and includes portions of New Mexico,
Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Wyom