e
population of Ch'ungk'ing, including the city of Kiangpei on the
opposite bank of the Kialing river, is about 300,000. The foreign
residents are very few. In 1898 the value of the trade passing through
the maritime customs was L2,614,000, and in 1904 L4,214,568, of which
imports counted for L2,644,777 and exports for L1,569,791.

CHUPATTY, an Anglo-Indian term for an unleavened cake of bread. The word
represents the Hindustani _chapati_, and is applied to the usual form of
native bread, the staple food of upper India. The chupatty is generally
made of coarse wheaten flour, patted flat with the hand, and baked upon
a griddle. In the troubled times that preceded the mutiny of 1857
chupatties were circulated from village to village throughout India,
apparently as a token of discontent.

CHUPRIYA (sometimes written _Tiupriia_; Croatian _Cuprya_), the capital
of the Morava department of Servia, on the railway from Belgrade to
Nish, and on the right bank of the Morava, which is navigable up to this
point by small sailing-vessels. Pop. (1900) about 6000. Some of the
finest Servian cattle are bred in the neighbouring lowlands, and the
town has a considerable trade in plums and other farm-produce. A light
railway, leading to several important collieries, runs for 13 m. through
the beech-forests and mountains on the east. Cloth is woven at Parachin,
5 m. S.; and Yagodina, 8 m. W. by N., is an important market town. Among
the foothills of the Golubinye Range, 7 m. E.N.E., is the 14th-century
Ravanitsa monastery, with a ruined fort and an old church--their walls
and frescoes pitted by Turkish bullets. There is a legend that here the
Servian tsar Lazar (1374-1389) was visited by an angel, who bade him
choose between an earthly and a heavenly crown. In accordance with his
choice, Lazar fell fighting at Kossovo, and was buried at Ravanitsa; his
body being afterwards transferred, through fear of the Turks, to another
Ravanitsa, in eastern Slavonia. His crucifix is treasured among the
monastic archives, which also contain a charter signed by Peter the
Great of Russia (1672-1725). Manasia (_Manasiya_), the still more
celebrated foundation of Stephen, the son and successor of Lazar, lies
12 m. N. of Ravanitsa. Built in a cleft among the hills which line the
river Resava, an affluent of the Morava, this monastery is enclosed in a
fortress, whose square towers, and curtain without loopholes or
battlements, remain largely inta