edical dogmatism, and, like nearly all
apostates, he was consumed with animosity and bitterness towards those
with whom he had formerly been in agreement. Cnidos was the stronghold
of the Empirics.

FOOTNOTES:

[7] "The Medical Profession in Ancient Times." Watson, p. 90.

[8] Arctinus: "Ethiopis," Translated in Puschmann's "Hist. Med.
Education."

[9] Pliny, "Hist. Nat.," xxvi, 6.

[10] "De Med.," Praefat. (Translation.)

CHAPTER V.

ROMAN MEDICINE AT THE END OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE BEGINNING OF THE
EMPIRE.

Asclepiades of Prusa--Themison of Laodicea--Methodism--Wounds of
Julius Caesar--Systems of Philosophy--State of the country--Roman
quacks--Slaves and Freedmen--Lucius Horatillavus.

_Asclepiades of Prusa_, in Bithynia, was a famous physician in Rome
early in the first century before Christ. He studied both rhetoric and
medicine at Alexandria and at Athens. He began as a teacher of rhetoric
in Rome, but, although he was the friend of Cicero, he was not very
successful, and abandoned this study for the practice of medicine. He
had a great deal of ability and shrewdness, but no knowledge of anatomy
or physiology, and he condemned all who thought that these subjects of
study were the foundation of the healing art. He specially inveighed
against Hippocrates, and with some reason, for the disciples of
Hippocrates had elevated the teaching of their master almost into a
religion, and were bound far too closely to his authority, to the
exclusion of original thought and progress.

Asclepiades had many pupils, and his teaching led to the foundation of
the Medical School of the Methodists. His most important maxim was that
a cure should be effected "_tuto, celeriter, ac jucunde_," and he
believed that what the physician could do was of primary importance, and
_vis medicatrix naturae_ only secondary. He was thus directly opposed to
the teaching of Hippocrates. He had little or no faith in drugs, and
relied mainly upon diet, exercises and massage, and, to some extent,
upon surgery. His practice of prescribing wine in liberal doses added to
his popularity. It was the custom to take wine very much diluted with
water, but Asclepiades ordered wine in full strength or only slightly
diluted. He practised bronchotomy and tracheotomy, and recommended in
suitable cases of dropsy scarification of the ankles, and advised that,
in tapping, an opening as small as possible should be made. He also
observe