rs of the eighth month, and
even the mode of its production is described. It is said that if the
cord he extended along one side of the uterus, and the fetus lie more
to the other side, then when the culbute is performed the funis must
necessarily form a loop round the neck or chest of the infant. If it
remain in this position, it is further stated, the mother will suffer
later and the fetus will either perish or be born with difficulty. If
the Hippocratic writers knew that this coiling is sometimes quite
innocuous, they did not in any place state the fact.

The accompanying illustrations show the different ways in which the
funis may be coiled, the coils sometimes being as many as 8.

Bizzen mentions an instance in which from strangulation the head of a
fetus was in a state of putrefaction, the funis being twice tightly
bound around the neck. Cleveland, Cuthbert, and Germain report
analogous instances. Matthyssens observed the twisting of the funis
about the arm and neck of a fetus the body of which was markedly
wasted. There was complete absence of amniotic fluid during labor.
Blumenthal presented to the New York Pathological Society an ovum
within which the fetus was under going intrauterine decapitation.
Buchanan describes a case illustrative of the etiology of spontaneous
amputation of limbs in utero Nebinger reports a case of abortion,
showing commencing amputation of the left thigh from being encircled by
the funis. The death of the fetus was probably due to compression of
the cord. Owen mentions an instance in which the left arm and hand of a
fetus were found in a state of putrescence from strangulation, the
funis being tightly bound around at the upper part. Simpson published
an article on spontaneous amputation of the forearm and rudimentary
regeneration of the hand in the fetus. Among other contributors to this
subject are Avery, Boncour, Brown, Ware, Wrangell, Young, Nettekoven,
Martin, Macan, Leopold, Hecker, Gunther, and Friedinger.

Wygodzky finds that the greatest number of coils of the umbilical cord
ever found to encircle a fetus are 7 (Baudelocque), 8 (Crede), and 9
(Muller and Gray). His own case was observed this year in Wilna. The
patient was a primipara aged twenty. The last period was seen on May
10, 1894. On February 19th the fetal movements suddenly ceased. On the
20th pains set in about two weeks before term. At noon turbid liquor
amnii escaped. At 2 P.M., on examination, Wygodzky defined a